Inference and Portrayal

1. Inference and Portrayal

2. If you allow 5 minutes for reading the sources, then you will have; 8 minutes for 6 mark questions 11 minutes for 8 mark questions 14 minutes for 10 mark questions 22 minutes for 16 mark questions The paper is 1 hour 15 minutes – how long do you think you have for each question? The surgery paper has five questions – you must answer them all. • Inference (6 marks) • Impression/portrayal (8 marks) • Cross-referencing (10 marks) • Utility (10 marks) • Reaching a judgement (16 marks)

3. What is an inference? • You need two supported inferences • Read the question carefully – look for what the focus is – what do they want you to look for?

4. Study Source A. What can you learn from Source A about operations in the mid-nineteenth century?

5. What are the differences between inference and portrayal? • The focus of your answer should be on how the artist or writer has deliberately set out to create a specific impression • This is an analysis of the content of the source to explain the impression given. This must be supported with references to the source.

6. Artists and writers can create strong messages by: • What they choose to include (the details they deliberately choose to include) • How they portray an event (through the use of specific words or the use of colour)

7. What impression of operations has been created by the display shown in Source B? Explain your answer, using Source B. • Source B: A display in the Science Museum in London showing an operation using an antiseptic spray in 1877. • What impression has the artist tried to give of the treatment of wounded soldiers in the First World War? Explain your answer, using Source B. • Source B: A wartime painting showing the treatment of wounded soldiers by the Royal Army Medical Corps during a battle in 1917

8. Source B: An account written in the 1850s of an operation before the use of chloroform. Before the days of anaesthetics, a patient preparing for an operation was like a condemned criminal preparing for execution. When I had my amputation, I counted the days till the day of the operation. I counted every hour of that day. I listened for the surgeon’s carriage, the sound of the doorbell, his footsteps on the stairs. I watched the unpacking of his dreadful instruments, I listened to his few solemn words. I still recall him spreading out the operating instruments, his first cut, and afterwards my bloody limb lying on the floor. The great suffering I experienced cannot be described in words. I would have been spared all this by the use of ether or chloroform. Study Source B. What impression has the author tried to give of operations before the introduction of anaesthetics? Explain your answer, using Source B.

9. Cross-referencing

10. Balanced Judgement (7-10 marks) The issue of how far sources c/d/e suggest that transfusions were effective in dealing with blood loss is recognised and addressed by cross-referencing the sources. EITHER Cross referencing focuses on content: considers elements of both support and challenge to arrive at an overall judgement on the extent of support. e.g. Both C and E mention risks; C only as a last resort but E says these were better than doing nothing. Source D on the other hand seems to show no real problems. OR Cross referencing focuses on sources: considers the nature of the sources in order to judge the strength/quality of support/challenge provided by the content. e.g. One from a doctor so should be accurate and reliable D is from a medical journal so again should be reliable and provides a clear idea of how blood transfusions tool place. E is from a historian who has researched the problem and has looked at a range of evidence, it provides a balanced view of the dangers involved and the attitudes of surgeons at the time. Reserve top level (10) for those able to combine both these elements of extent and nature of support in coming to an overall judgement.

11. 3 Study Sources A, C and D.How far do Sources A, C and D suggest that new developments were successful inimproving surgery? Explain your answer, using these sources. (10) • In pairs, plan your answer to this question – refer to the mark scheme and your booklet to help you plan an answer that will get 10 out of 10. • You have 5 minutes to plan your answer – one pair will come up to the board and explain their plan…

12. 3 Study Sources A, C and D.How far do Sources A, C and D suggest that new developments were successful inimproving surgery? Explain your answer, using these sources. (10) • Successes of new developments in surgery – extent (content, where the source comes from) • How the sources challenge the statement • Judgement • Point A (support and challenge) • Point B (support and challenge) • Point C (support and challenge) • Judgement - extent

14. Source C: From an account written in 1847 by Dr H Cree, a surgeon. At Edinburgh Infirmary I saw some operations where ether was used. It was a new method of making patients unaware of pain. It is a great blessing, but Professor Syme* opposes the use of ether because of the delays it causes and the lack of certainty over its effectiveness. However, the method is still in its early days. * Professor Syme was a leading surgeon in Edinburgh. Source D: From Medicine and Health Through Time, a school history textbook published in 1996. To start with, many surgeons opposed Lister’s methods and he was seen as a fanatic. His carbolic spray, which soaked the operating theatre, seemed very extreme. It cracked the surgeon’s skin and made everything smell. The new precautions caused extra work and made operations more expensive and less pleasant for the surgeons. When some surgeons did try copying Lister’s methods they got different results. This was usually because they were less careful, but that didn’t stop them criticising Lister.