Midterm Exam Review

1. Midterm Exam Review What is Art, 3-D art, Elements of Art, Principles of Design, Art Criticism, Clay Terms, Kiln Knowledge, Artists and Concepts

2. What is Art? What is 3-D Art?

3. What is Art? This sculpture is titled “Fountain”, and is a readymade urinal that artist Marcel Duchamp put into a gallery exhibit. He thought that it was art, do you?

4. Compare and Contrast: What is 2D art vs. 3D art? These artworks were both created by Pablo Picasso. Picasso was best known for his use of cubism.

5. 3-D Art: An artwork that has volume and whose form occupies actual space. In the Round Relief: High vs. Low

6. Elements of Art

7. Elements of Art: Line • Line is a series of marks put together • Line can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, curved, thick, or thin

8. Elements of Art: Shape • Shapes are made from closed lines • Shapes can be geometric (Squares and circles) or organic (Free-form and natural) • Shapes are flat and can express length and width

9. Element of Art: Form • Forms are three dimensional shapes expressing length, width, and depth • Balls, cylinders, boxes, and pyramids are examples of forms

10. Element of Art: Color • Color is the light reflected off of objects • Color has 3 main characteristics: Hue (name of the color), Value (how light or dark it is), and Intensity (how bright or dull it is) • Colors can be primary, secondary, tertiary, and complementary.

11. Elements of Art: Value • Value is the lightness or darkness of a color.

12. Elements of Art: Texture • Texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt. • Textures can be rough, smooth, soft, or hard. • In 3D art you may actually feel the texture on the sculpture. In 2D art, a drawing may look very textured while the paper still feels smooth.

13. Elements of Art: Space • Space is the area between and around objects. • The space around objects is often called negative space. • Three dimensional art takes up real space, while in Two dimensional art the feeling or illusion of depth creates space.

14. Principles of Design

15. Principles of Design: Balance • Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, textures, and space. • Symmetrical balance means that the elements on one side of an artwork is even to those on another side • In Asymmetrical balance the sides are different but are still balanced • In Radial balance the elements are arranged around a central point

18. Principles of Design: Proportion • Proportion is the size relationship between two or more objects. It can be how the parts fit together to make a whole. • It may also be referred to as scale.

20. Principle of Design: Movement • When an artist uses the elements of art to direct viewers through their work, often to a focal area. • Such movements can be directed along lines, edges, shapes, and colors within the works, but moves the eye most easily on paths of equal value.

23. Principles of Design: Pattern/Repetition • Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art

26. Sgraffito often involves Pattern

27. Principles of Design: Rhythm • Rhythm is created when one or more elements of art are used specifically, repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement

30. Principles of Design: Emphasis • Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. • Usually the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with others (focal point) • The area could be a different size, color, shape, or texture

32. Principles of Design: Unity • Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

34. Principle of Design: Variety • Using many elements to create visual interest • Variety is the complement to unity and is needed to create visual interest. Without unity, an image is chaotic and "unreadable;" without variety it is dull and uninteresting.

36. Art Criticism

37. How do we critique art? Art criticism is more than just saying “I like the art” or “I don’t like the art” • Describe: What does it look like? What elements and principles are apparent? • Analyze: How did the artist make the work? • Interpret: What is the meaning behind the work? • Judgment: Is the work successful?

38. Clay Terms

41. 10 04 1945 degrees F Cone: Unit of measurement for temperature in the kiln

42. Kiln Knowledge and Parts Kiln Shelf: Used to hold ceramics in the kiln. Shelves are stacked to create layers. Kiln Stilts: Used to hold the shelves up. The stilts need to be tall enough to clear the height of the pottery in each layer Kiln Stilt: You should stack bisque- ware as close as possible, from shortest on the bottom to tallest on the top

43. Kilns are HOT!!! thermocouple • Temperatures in the kiln are measured in “Cones” • Cone 04 is the temperature that we fire our clay to, and is about 1945 degrees F • Cone 05 is the temperature we fire our glazeware to, and is about 1888 degrees F • A thermocouple: Is the thermometer in the kiln that measures what temperature it is supposed to get to, and controls it

44. What clay body do we use here at school? EARTHENWARE • When you are working with clay it undergoes many physical changes. Once it has been fired in the KILN, clay has undergone a chemical change. Once clay is fired, it is referred to as ceramic. • Heat causes the clay to harden and progress to its mature, vitrified state. A vitrified state occurs when the SILICA, or glass forming substance, melts and undergoes a chemical change. • Clay is fired to certain CONEin the kiln. Cones are a unit of measuring temperature, numbered from Cone 01 to Cone 10. The higher the temperature, the higher the cone. There are three categories of firing ranges, listed below: • Low Fire – Cone 06 – Cone 04 (1828 F – 1945 F) ex: EARTHENWAREMid Fire – Cone 5 – Cone 6 (2167 F – 2232 F) ex: STONEWAREHigh Fire – Cone 8 – Cone 10 (2280 F -2345 F) ex: PORCELAIN

45. What is Clay and its stages? • Clay: Alumina + silica + water. • Clay Body: A mixture of different types of clays and minerals for a specific ceramic purpose. For example, Porcelain is a translucent white clay body, used commonly for dishware and pottery. • Slip: Clay mixed with water with a mayonnaise consistency. Used in construction, casting and decoration. • Plastic: The quality of clay which allows it to be manipulated into different shapes without cracking or breaking. Moist, fresh, new clay. (wedge-able) • Leatherhard: Stage of the clay between plastic and bone dry. Clay is still damp enough to join it to other pieces using slip. Clay is firm and holds its form. • Bonedry: Completely air dried. Moisture level is virtually zero.

46. Firing and the Steps in its Process • Kiln: A furnace of refractory clay bricks for firing pottery and for fusing glass • Firing: To heat a clay object in a kiln to a specific temperaturein order to reach maturity. • Greenware: Unfired pottery. Ready to be bisque fired • Bisqueware: Pottery which has been fired once, without glaze, to a temperature just before vitrification • Glazeware: The final firing, with glaze.

47. Stages of Clay and Clay Vocabulary Plastic: Workable, wedgeable Leather hard: Stiff, carveable Slip: Glue for Clay Greenware: Clay before firing Bisqueware: Ceramic that has been fired once Glazeware: Ceramic that has been fired twice and glazed Bone Dry: 0% moisture, ready to fire

48. What is glaze and why do we use it? • Glazes create surface effects on ceramics. They can create glossy or matte colors. • Glazes are functionally important because they make vessels able to hold liquids because they seal the inherent porosity of clay. • Think about things that you have painted before… What was good about using paint? • What could paint not do for your piece, that maybe glaze could accomplish instead?

49. Glaze=Chemistry! • Reasons why glaze is different from paint: • 1. Because of the glass former in glaze is can become glassy or glossy, or can become matte like a stone. **They do not stay put!! • 2. Glazes in the bottle do not look like glazes once they are fired • 3. Mixing glazes like you would mix paint will not always get the expected result. • 4. More layering options to create effects. • Glaze is made up of 3 primary chemical aspects: • Silica: The glass former • Alumina: Makes the glaze shrink to fit the ceramic • Flux: Makes the glaze flowy (too much will make the glaze run off your pot)

50. What does it mean to dry foot you project? And why do you do it? • Glaze is like molten glass in the kiln. If there is glaze on the bottom of a project, the glaze will fuse to the kiln shelf and your piece will be broken off the shelf with a hammer. • To dry foot your piece, means to take a wet sponge and wipe off any excess glaze from the bottom so that it does not stick to the kiln. • You can also use a star shaped stilt to glaze fire pieces whose bottoms are glazed. The needles on the stilt hold the bottom of the piece. When it is fired, the needles attach so minimally that the stilt can be pulled free from the project.