1713

1. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht was signed. Cause: Hostilities had been steadily increasing between England and France. Effect: This treaty was an armistice to try and conclude hostilities with England.

2. 1740-1748 The War of the Austrian Succession. Fredrick II of Prussia invaded the province of Silesia in eastern Germany, in which the Hapsburg owned. (Cause) France decided to assist the Prussian agression against Austria, and so Britain comes in and dosentwant France to control small states, but want Austria to control it. The war ended in a stalemate, and Prussia retained Silesia.(effect)

3. 1756-1763 The Seven Years’ War. This war began when Fredrick II of Prussia invaded Saxony, a territory claimed by Austria. (Cause) Fredrick won major victories against his enenmies and held on until Russia withdrew and the coatlition against him fell apart. Treaty between Austria and Prussia simply restored borders to their pre war status, The war started to spread to the north American colonies, west indies, and India, where Britain forced major land concessions from France, resulting in Britain becoming the dominant power of the seas. (Effect)

4. 1775-1783 American Revolution. Cause: The colonists were being abundantly taxed with no representation. Effect: They gained freedom through the revolution.

5. 1785 Catherine the Great of Russia issues Charter of Nobility. Cause: The monarchy was gaining power and the nobility felt threatened by it. Effect: The nobility tried to retain their power and exclusiveness by making it even harder to become a noble.

6. 1789 Gathering of the Estates General at Versailles; fall of the Bastille; Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen Cause: The people were tired of there current system of government and inspired by the American Revolution they began to revolt. Effect: They eventually overthrew the monarchy in the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror began.

7. 1791 French monarchy abolished. Cause: The raid of the Bastille caused the French monarch Louis XVI to declare war against the revolutionists. Effect: The revolutionists defeated the monarch, and no one was placed in power, so a giant power struggle was brought upon.

8. 1793 Second Partition of Poland. Cause: Poland had a weak monarchy, Bureaucracy, and Army so stronger nations were able to do whatever they wanted with them. Effect: Poland’s land was split up and it proved that with out the three things listed above that at this time you could not compete in the European state system without them.

9. 1793-1794 Reign of Terror Cause: Radical leader, Robespierre, came into power to push further reform and erase the old regime. Effect: Killed anybody who seemed to oppose him to push reforms, and manslaughtered people with the guillotineto ensure a republic.

10. 1795 Third Partition of Poland Cause: Poland was still weak. Effect: After this third partition Poland was removed from European maps for more then a century.

11. 1750 Agricultural Revolution in Britain. Cause: The peasant society was looking for new ways to ensure that there was a stable supply of food for everyone. Effect: New advances in farming techniques and inventions in farming technology advanced food production for all social classes.

12. 1750-1840 Growth of new cities. Cause: More jobs were opening up in urban areas. Effect: City living began and many people were able to get employed and find places to live in urban areas.

13. 1763 British establish dominance in India. Cause: European nations were searching for ways to trade with Asian countries and trying to establish dominance in the area. Effect: Britain got a boost in trade, money, and products they were able to receive and send through India.

14. 1763-1789 Enlightened absolutist rulers seek to spur economic growth. Cause: Enlightenment ideas in Europe influenced peoples and rulers outlook on every aspect of life. Effect: Many countries economies grew and people in those countries gained more money.

15. 1733-1787 James Kay’s flying shuttle. (1733) James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny. (1765) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe. (1769) Edward Cartwright’s Power loom.(1787) Cause: The Industrial Revolution had begun and people were looking for ways to make work easier. Effect: They lightened peoples workload and made jobs easier. Led to the invention of factories.

16. 1733- 1738 Voltaire, Letters on the English. (1733) Voltaire, Elements of the Philosophy of Newton. (1738) Cause: The enlightenment ideas of the period was inspired by and inspired Voltaire to write many works these are among them. Effect: These works inspired people to change the way they thought about government and society, and led them to question many elements of life around them.

17. 1748-1792 Hume, Inquiry into Human Nature. Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws. Rousseau, Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences. First volume of Diderot’s Encyclopedia. Rousseau, Social Contract and Emile. Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance. Smith, Wealth of Nations. Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the rights of women. Cause: The enlightenment also influenced all of these works. Effect: Through this, Religious tolerance was accepted, separation of government branches, the encyclopedia which spreads knowledge in one book, human nature, social-contract theory emerged which shapes our constitution today and the movement of woman's rights.

18. 1795 The Directory established in France. Cause: After the Reign of Terror ended the Directory was formed to run France after the Reign of Terror. Effect: The French Directory ran France for several years until Napoleon rose to power.

19. 1799 Napoleon named First Consul in France. Cause: Napoleon is named First consul, and thus began his rule, and establishes the Napoleonic code. Effect: As Napoleon seizes power, he began his expansion throughout Europe, and which he uses his Napoleonic code to set uniform law and complete dominance of the newly conquered territory.