1713-1763

1. 1713-1763 CHAPTER 5 AN AMERICAN BABEL CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “God shows me that America must be my place for action.” George Whitfield, Journals

3. TIMELINE 1720 French settlements in Illinois and Louisiana 1734 Great Awakening begins Oglethorpe settles Georgia (non-slave colony) Slave revolt in Stono, South Carolina 1737 Walking Purchase (Pennsylvania gains Delaware Indians’ land) 1743 German edition of Luther’s Bible published 1744 King William’s War begins 1746 College of New Jersey established 1749 Spanish sign treaty with Apaches at San Antonio 1747 Ohio Company of Virginia founded 1751 Slavery is legalized in Georgia

4. TIMELINE continued 1754 The French and Indian War begins 1755 Acadians evicted from Nova Scotia General Braddock arrives with troops in America 1758 Comanches attack San Antonio 1759 British take Quebec 1763 The Treaty of Paris

5. AN AMERICAN BABEL Overview • New Cultures on the Western Plains • Britain’s Mainland Colonies: A New Abundance of People • The Varied Economic Landscape • Matters of Faith: The First Great Awakening • The French Lose a North American Empire

6. NEW CULTURES ON THE WESTERN PLAINS • The Spread of the Horse • The Rise of the Comanches • The Expansion of the Sioux

7. The Spread of the Horse • 1600: Horse herds in Rio Grande valley • 1680: Horses in Indian trading networks • 1690: Utes trade horses to Shoshones • The “Big Dog” (the horse) brings Native Americans the ability to haul bigger loads, long tent poles, tasty food, hunting partner, and trading product

8. The Rise of the Comanches • 1690: Comanches obtain the horse • Comanches encourage into Apache areas and push them to the south and by 1767 Spanish withdraw from San Saba • 1780: The Comanche nation numbers 20,000 people and dominates the Western portion of North America

9. The Expansion of the Sioux • Maxawakan, “mysterious or sacred iron” • Sioux migrate to Minnesota area and begin trade with French • 1700: The horse introduced to the Sioux • The gun and the horse bring improved food supplies and easier travel • The Sioux nation dominate the Great Plains

10. BRITAIN’S MAINLAND COLONIES: A NEW ABUNDANCE OF PEOPLE • Population Growth on the Home Front • “Packed Like Herrings”: Arrival from Abroad • Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies

11. Population Growth on the Home Front • Labor creates need for larger families • Low death rate and long average life span • Epidemics decrease, food plentiful, improved housing, and sustain peace from 1720s to 1730s

12. “Packed Like Herrings”: Arrival from Abroad • Prisoners and indentured servants • Poor conditions in Europe bring free families • Immigrant settlements in west provide buffer from foreigners and Indian attacks • South Carolina offers financial incentives to bring in immigrants to balance their population, attempting to overcome a black majority • $360 for importing a Protestant European and $90 for getting them started

13. Comparison of Overall Population Structure by Gender and Age: British Mainland Colonies, 1760s, and United States, 1980s

14. Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies • 1750: 240,000 African Americans • New York • 42% Dutch, 30% English, 18% African, 1% Jewish, 9% French Protestant • Arcadians from Nova Scotia to Louisiana • Scotland: poverty, famine, and political rebellion brings 30,000 by 1770 • Ireland: 60,000 by 1770 • Germany: Religious persecution, land scarcity, warfare brings 85,000 by 1770

15. THE VARIED ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE • Sources of Gain in the Southeast • Chesapeake Bay’s Tobacco Economy • New England Takes to the Sea • Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies

16. Economic Regions of the British Colonies

17. Sources of Gain in the Southeast • South Carolina • Mild climate, long growing season • Rice and indigo • Slave labor • Deerskin trade • TWO REGIONAL ECONOMIES • North Carolina • Pine, tar and pitch • Great Wagon Road farms • Cape Fear River

18. Chesapeake Bay’s Tobacco Economy • 1600s Chesapeake Bay’s main product is tobacco. Snuff popularizes the crop after 1710. • Due to depleted soil and reduced yields, tobacco is supplemented by crops of wheat, corn, flax, hemp, apples bringing barrel and wagon making as well as mills. • Societies with Slaves…southern colonies become reliant on slave labor

19. New England Takes to the Sea • Timber brings shipbuilding to New England • Whaling • Fishing

20. Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies • Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York • Grain, flaxseed, barrel staves, livestock, pig iron • Ports: Philadelphia and New York • Free labor

21. MATTERS OF FAITH: THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING • Seeds of Religious Toleration • Pietism and the Arrival of George Whitefield • A Crisis Within the Clergy • The Awakening and its Consequences

22. Seeds of Religious Toleration • Non-Christians: • Africans, Jewish immigrants • Protestants • Presbyterians, Quakers, Lutherans, Baptists, Methodists • Rhode Island and Pennsylvania favor toleration • 1750: Plans for an Anglican bishop in Boston

23. The Onset of the Great Awakening • 1743: Pennsylvanian German edition of Luther’s Bible • “Second Reformation”: pietism and spiritual renewal • George Whitfield • English preacher critical of Anglican church • Journals

24. “The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry” • Jonathan Edwards • “Our people do not so much need to have their heads stored, as to have their hearts touched.” • William Tennant • His “Log College” trains ministers and becomes the College of New Jersey in 1746 • Gilbert Tennent • “The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry” calling for revival in 1740

25. The Consequences of the Great Awakening • “New Lights”: a democratic salvation • Appealed to young people, women and the poor and some Native and African Americans • Their legacy: • An optimism that opposed the Calvinist pessimism • Evangelicalism • Democracy in the New Testament

26. THE FRENCH LOSE A NORTH AMERICAN EMPIRE • Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists • British Settlers Confront the Threat from France • An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict • Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned

27. Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists • French population small • Lack of support from France • English settlers cross the Applachians • 1763: the Treaty of Paris

28. British Settlers Confront the Threat from France • 1748: After King William’s War Louisburg becomes French • 1753: Virginia governor sends Washington to warn the French to leave the Ohio River area • 1754: Franklin’s Albany Plan to repel the French • 1755: British and colonial army march west to fight the French

29. An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict • William Pitt expands the war to the world • 1758: 50,000 troops in America, France loses Louisburg, Ft. Frontenac • 1759: British and Iroquois take Ft. Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point

30. Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned • America redrawn: • Spain acquires New Orleans and Louisiana west of Mississippi • East Florida goes to Britain as well as the French holdings between the Appalachians and the Mississippi, and parts of Canada • England becomes a major colonial power