“Mr. Madison’s War”

1. “Mr. Madison’s War” Chapter 6.4

2. The War of 1812 • Main Idea • In the early 1800s, Americans unified to face Great Britain in war once again and to battle resistance from Native Americans over attempts to seize their lands. • Reading Focus • What violations of American neutrality led to the War of 1812? • How did Tecumseh resist American settlers? • How did the War of 1812 begin? How did the war affect the new nation?

3. When was the last time the United States declared war? 1942-During World War II-against Romania! During World War II, we declared war against: Japan (1941), Germany (1941), Italy (1941), Bulgaria (1942) and Hungary (1942)!!

4. How many times have we declared war? 11 times When was the first time we declared war? June 18th, 1812

5. Violating American Neutrality • Unresolved tensions between the United States and Britain, on the northwest frontier and on the seas, caused the nations to war again. • Napoleonic Wars affected American merchant shipping. • France and Britain tried to cut off each other’s access to European ports. • Both nations ignored American neutrality. • The British were more of a threat because they would impress American sailors, forcing them to serve in the British navy.

6. Violating Neutrality • In 1807 the British ship Leopard stopped the American frigate Chesapeake and seized four Americans. • Congress passed the Embargo Act, which prohibited exports to foreign countries. • This ban was a disaster to the economy. • Goods piled up in warehouses, ships sat in the harbors, people lost their jobs, and businesses failed. • In 1808 James Madison was elected president. • A new law reopened all trade except that with Britain and France.

7. Tecumseh Resists Settlers • As anti-British feelings grew in the United States, the British tried to rebuild their old alliances with Native Americans. • William Henry Harrison was governor of the new Indiana Territory and carried out Jefferson’s new Native American policy. • Native Americans could choose either to become farmers and join white society or to move west of the Mississippi. • As Harrison implemented the policy, Native Americans made treaties in which they lost millions of acres of tribal lands in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois.

8. Native American leaders One was a religious leader called the Prophet, or Tenskwatawa. Thousands came to hear him speak against white culture at Prophetstown in present-day Indiana. He taught his followers to reject white culture. Tecumseh Resists Settlers • Tecumseh • Also called Shooting Star, he was the Prophet’s brother and an inspiring leader. • He began to unite his brother’s followers in 1809. • In 1811, while Tecumseh was away, Harrison’s army attacked, burning Prophetstown. • The Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison a national hero.

9. The Chesapeake and Leopard neutrality incident had some American politicians calling for war. They were known as War Hawks. The United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812. The War of 1812 Begins • The war was fought on land and sea, from Canada to Louisiana. • Much of the war took place along the U.S.-Canadian border. • The British staged a massive blockade of the American coast and New Orleans.

10. The War of 1812 Begins • In August 1812 the USS Constitution sank the British Guerriére. • The naval war moved into the Great Lakes; the United States won the Battle of Lake Erie. • The Americans made several unsuccessful invasions of Canada. • Tecumseh joined the British in a campaign to capture Detroit and invade Ohio. • Battle of the Thames: Harrison’s army met British and Indian forces and was victorious • Tecumseh was killed in the battle, ending the British-Native American alliance. • Tennessee militia leader Andrew Jackson led a force against the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend where women, children, and warriors were massacred.

11. The War of 1812 Begins • In August 1814 the British fleet sailed into Chesapeake Bay. • Their soldiers marched to Washington, where they burned several major buildings, including the White House. • Then they bombarded Fort McHenry at Baltimore Harbor. After an overnight battle, the American flag was still flying. The sight inspired Francis Scott Key to write the lyrics to “The Star-Spangled Banner.” • A British force landed near New Orleans in December 1814. • Andrew Jackson and a militia were waiting for them. He became the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. • Treaty of Ghent: peace treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed in December 1814 in Ghent, Belgium