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About this Chapter

Explore the anatomy, functions, and responses of the immune system, including innate and acquired immunity. Learn about pathologies, pathogens, body defenses, immune cell functions, and more. Discover the lymphatic system, key immune cells, and the roles of various cells in immune responses.

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About this Chapter

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  1. About this Chapter • Anatomy and function of immune system • Response to different pathogens • Innate immunity: nonspecific body defenses • Acquired immunity: specific defenses that target one pathogen • Combined defenses against bacteria and viruses • Neuro-endocrine-immune interactions

  2. Immune System: Functions • Protects from pathogens and foreign molecules • Parasites • Bacteria • Viruses • Removes dead or damaged cells • Attempts to recognize and remove abnormal cells

  3. Immune System: Pathologies • Incorrect responses • Autoimmune disease (Type 1 diabetes) • Overactive responses • Allergies • Lack of response • Immunodeficiency disease (AIDS)

  4. Pathogens: Bacteria and Viruses

  5. Viral Structure and Replication Figure 24-1a

  6. Viral Structure and Replication Figure 24-1b

  7. Body Defenses: Two Lines • Physical and chemical barriers • First line of defense • Skin, epithelial linings, and cilia • Acids, mucous, and lysozymes • Immune defenses • Second line of defense • Innate, non-specific, immediate response • Acquired; attack a specific pathogen (antigen)

  8. Steps in an Immune Response • Detect and identify invader/foreign cells • Communicate, alarm, and recruit immune cells • Coordinate response among all participants • Suppress or destroy invader

  9. Lymphatic System • Primary tissues • Bone marrow and thymus • Encapsulated tissues • Lymph nodes and spleen • Lymph vessels • Diffuse tissues

  10. Lymphatic System: Anatomy Figure 24-2a

  11. Lymphatic System: Anatomy Figure 24-2b

  12. Key Cells of the Immune System • Leukocytes (white blood cells) • Eosinophils • Basophils and mast cells • Neutrophils • Monocytes and macrophages • Lymphocytes and plasma cells • Dendritic cells

  13. Key Cells of the Immune System Figure 24-4

  14. Immune Cell Groups • Morphological group • Granulocytes • Functional group • Phagocytes, cytotoxic cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) • Mononuclear phagocyte system

  15. Immune Cells: Function • Eosinophils • Allergic reactions • Parasitic diseases • Basophils • Release histamine • Inflammation

  16. Immune Cells: Function • Neutrophils • Ingest bacteria • Release cytokines • Monocytes • Mature to macrophages • Phagocytic • APCs

  17. Immune Cells: Function • Lymphocytes • Acquired immunity • Dendritic cells • Activate lymphocytes

  18. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5 (1 of 3)

  19. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5 (2 of 3)

  20. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5 (3 of 3)

  21. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5

  22. Innate Immunity: Nonspecific • Physical and chemical barriers • Phagocytosis: macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells • Engulf and digest “tagged” cells • Inflammatory response

  23. Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis Figure 24-6a

  24. Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis Figure 24-6b

  25. Phagosomes Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogens that have been enclosed in phagosomes Figure 24-7

  26. NK cells • Eliminate virus-infected and tumor cells • Secrete interferons • Interferon-alpha and interferon-beta • Prevent viral replication • Interferon-gamma • Activates macrophages and other immune cells

  27. Inflammatory Response: Roles • Attract immune cells and chemical mediators to site of infection • Produce physical barrier to prevent infection from spreading • Promote tissue repair

  28. Inflammatory Response: Players • Histamines from mast cells • Swelling, edema, vasodilation • Interleukins • Fever, blood vessels more permeable to white blood cells and proteins, acute-phase proteins

  29. Inflammatory Response: Players • Bradykinin • Pain and swelling • Complement cascade • Membrane attack complex

  30. Inflammatory Response: Players Action of a membrane attack complex Figure 24-8

  31. Chemicals of the Immune Response

  32. Chemicals of the Immune Response

  33. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific • T lymphocytes • Helper T cells • Cytotoxic T cells • B lymphocytes • Plasma cells • Memory cells • NK cells

  34. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific • Naïve lymphocytes • Clonal expansion • Effector cells • Memory cells

  35. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific How clonal expansion leads to immunologic memory Figure 24-10 (1 of 4)

  36. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Figure 24-10 (2 of 4)

  37. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Figure 24-10 (3 of 4)

  38. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Figure 24-10 (4 of 4)

  39. B lymphocytes: Humoral Immunity • Immunoglobulins • Plasma and memory cells • Primary and secondary response

  40. B lymphocytes: Humoral Immunity Memory in the immune system Figure 24-11

  41. Plasma Cells: Antibodies • Five classes • IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD • Light and heavy chain • Fab region • Fc region

  42. Plasma Cells: Antibody Structure Figure 24-12

  43. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Activates complement 6 5 Triggers mast cell degranulation Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13

  44. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, step 1

  45. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies 2 Acts as opsonins phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–2

  46. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–3

  47. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–4

  48. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site 5 Triggers mast cell degranulation Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–5

  49. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Activates complement 6 5 Triggers mast cell degranulation Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–6

  50. T Lymphocytes: Cell-Mediated • T cell receptors • Cell activated by antigen • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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