Chapter 13 Section 2

1. Chapter 13Section 2 Feudalism and the Manorial System

2. Review • Why did Clovis and his Merovingians have the support of the church? • On Christmas Day of the year 800 what did Pope Leo III declare Charlemagne? • What were the schools that Charlemagne established based on? • What was the agreement where Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German agreed to divide the empire amongst themselves called?

3. Feudalism • Within 100 years of Charlemagne's death organized government was all but gone in Europe • By the 900’s most were governed by small local independent leaders, most often local lords. The political facet these leaders represented is known as feudalism • {Within the feudal system a powerful noble granted land called a fief to a lesser noble called a vassal} • The vassal did not actually “own” the land but he would maintain the land for him and his household. In return for the fief, the vassal promised loyalty and military assistance to the landowner. • The vassal could further divide the land and grant it to others if he so chose to. Making him a lord • {The fief could be inherited by the vassal’s eldest son in a system called primogeniture} • Of course, {the feudal system still gave most of the power to the king}

4. structure of feudalism

5. Warfare and Feudal Justice • Many wars were fought between lords and vassals. Sometimes they would be small conflicts, but often the were large scale battles that could be very destructive • Knights in the Middle Ages wore armor made of chain mail and were heavily armed in battle • The armor was so heavy the knights sometimes had to be put onto their horses with cranes • War had different effects on feudal society It was a time of glory and wealth for nobles but a time of hardship and suffering for most other people • Feudal justice differed from Roman justice • A feudal trial was decided in one of three ways: Trial by battle (a duel), trial by oath (other people swore in court that the person they represented was telling the truth) or trial by ordeal in which the accused had to carry a hot piece of iron then plunge his hand onto boiling water or he had to survive extended submersion in icy water. If the wounds healed quickly and well he was innocent. If not he was guilty.

6. Chain mail

7. Trial by Oath & Trial by Ordeal

8. The Manorial System • {The economic system in the Middle Ages was Manorialism.} Manors were large estates that included manor houses, farm land, woodlands, pastures, fields and villages • Generally a lord kept about 1/3 of the manor’s lands called the domain. Peasants farmed the remaining 2/3 for themselves. {In exchange they worked the lords lands, gave some of their crops to him} and paid taxes. • {Manorial systems were very self-sufficient and reduced the need for cities or towns} Manors produced everything they needed from tools to food and clothes

9. Peasant life in the Manorial System • Peasant life was hard because of long hours and back-breaking work • Most peasants-or serfs- could not leave the land without the lords permission • They also were not allowed to hunt on the lords land and could rarely afford to buy meat. Giving them a diet of bread, lentils and vegetables • They had short lived lives due to disease, starvation and frequent warfare. • Peasants often lived, worked and died in the village in which they had been born

11. Nobles Lifestyles in the Manorial System • The upper classes of the Middle Ages did not live in luxury or comfort by today’s standards • Castles were simple structures made of earth and wood. It was not until later they were made of stone • Castles were usually built on hills that would prevent easy attack. If it was built on flat land a moat would be built around it for protection • A lord depended on his wife and children for help. Through marriage a man acquired more land. And through children the man acquired free labor

12. Chivalry • By the late 1100’s {a code of behavior for knights called Chivalry} brought changes to feudal society. • {To become a knight a boy had to belong to the noble class} and had to pass two stages of training • The first stage began at the age of seven when the boy would serve as a knight’s page where he would learn knightly manners and how to care for and use weapons • Then as a teenager the boy became a squire. The knight would take the squire into battle when the knight thought he was ready. If the boy proved himself to be skilled and courageous he would be knighted • Knights could be distinguished from one another by their coat of arms- a graphic symbol that represented his personal characteristics- that was stitched onto the knights shield, flag and /or his horses trappings • Coat of arms were passed down from one generation to the next

13. Coat of Arms

14. Continued…… • According to the code of chivalry knights were required to be courageous in battle and to fight fairly. If a knight used tricks and strategy to overcome their opponent they were considered a coward. He was required to treat his conquered foes with dignity • A knight was expected to keep his word and be loyal to his friends. To be courteous to women and the less powerful • Chivalry did much to improve the crude manners of early feudal lords

15. Section Review • Within the feudal system a powerful noble granted land called a ____ to a lesser noble • The system where a fief could be inherited by the vassal’s eldest son • Who did the feudal system give most of the power to? • The economic system in the Middle Ages was known as __________ • To become a knight a boy had to belong to what social class? • a code of behavior for knights called _______

16. The Knights who say Ni