CHAPTER 13 SECTION 2 WESTERN EUROPE

1. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 2WESTERN EUROPE

2. CULTURAL DIVISIONS • Rome conquered the Celts in the north and all of what is now France. • The German king Charlemagne united most of the region in the 700’s. • After his death, Europe remained in small competing kingdoms. • LOOK AT THE TIMELINE ON PAGE 296 WHAT CULTURAL FIGURES WERE IMPORTANT BEFORE 1600?

3. THE REFORMATION IN 1517, MARTIN LUTHER CHALLENGED THE PRACTICES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN GERMANY. IN ENGLAND, KING HENRY VIII, FORMED THE ANGLICAN CHURCH THIS LED TO THE REFORMATION, THE BEGINNING OF PROTESTANT CHURCHES. TODAY, FRANCE IS MOSTLY CATHOLIC, BUT NETHERLANDS, SWITZERLAND, AND GERMANY ARE MOSTLY PROTESTANT.

4. NATIONALISM • AFTER ROME FELL, FEUDALISM DEVELOPED • LOOK ON PAGE 297—WHAT IS FEUDALISM? • THIS PRACTICE LED TO NATIONALISM, OR LOYALTY TO NATIONS AND STATES. • RIVALRIES DEVELOPED BETWEEN NATIONS THAT LED TO CENTURIES OF WARS.

5. INDUSTRIAL GROWTHAND COLONIALISM • IN THE 1800’S, INDUSTRIES DEVELOPED • COUNTRIES LOOKED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS FOR RESOURCES • THIS LED TO COLONIZING OTHER TERRITORY IN ASIA, THE PACIFIC, SOUTH AMERICA, AND AFRICA.

6. MODERN CONFLICTS: WORLD WAR I NATIONALISM AND RIVALRY CAUSED COUNTRIES TO FORM ALLIANCES. THIS LED TO WORLD WAR I: GERMANY, AUSTRA-HUNGARY, AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AGAINST BRITAIN, FRANCE, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES

7. WORLD WAR II • GERMANY’S RESENTMENT OVER THE TERMS OF PAYMENT FOR LOSING IN WORLD WAR I, LED TO WORLD WAR II. • GERMANY’S MASS MURDER OF JEWS AND OTHER MINORITY GROUPS WAS CALLED THE HOLOCAUST. • AFTER THE WAR, GERMANY WAS SPLIT INTO EAST AND WEST GERMANY.

8. DACHAU CONCENTRATION CAMPNEAR MUNICH, GERMANY

9. THE ENTRANCE GATE TO DACHAU CONCENTRATION CAMP NEAR MUNICH, GERMANY

10. THE PRISONERS WALKED THROUGH THIS GATE AS THEY ARRIVED.THE WORDS SAY: “WORK MAKES YOU FREE.”

11. THE BARRACKS WHERE PRISONERS SLEPT THREE TO A BED WITHOUT BLANKETS. THEY HAD TO TURN OVER IN UNISON AS THEY SLEPT TO AVOID BED SORES AND BRUISES.

13. THE GUARD TOWER NEXT TO DOUBLED ELECTRIFIED FENCES. AT ITS PEAK, DACHAU HELD 30,000 PRISONERS: JEWS, PRIESTS, GYPSIES, AND PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY CHALLENGED.

15. THE CREMATORIUMS

16. TODAY, THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT REQUIRES ALL STUDENTS TO VISIT A CONCENTRATION CAMP AS PART OF A CLASS TRIP. THEY INSIST THAT THE GERMANS “NEVER FORGET.”

17. EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR II

19. THROUGHOUT BERLIN TODAY, BRASS MARKERS IN THE BRICKS IN THE STREETS MARK WHERE THE WALL STOOD FROM 1961-1989.

20. A 400 METER-LONG SECTION OF THE BERLIN WALL STILL STANDS NEAR THE BRANDENBERG GATE. WEST BERLINERS WROTE AND PAINTED GRAFITTI TO PROTEST THE EXISTENCE OF THE WALL.

22. THE MANNEQUIN SHOWS HOW SOMEONE HID IN THE TRUNK. THIS VOLKSWAGEN WAS USED TO HIDE PEOPLE IN THEIR ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE TO WEST GERMANY.

23. THE SIGN AT “CHECKPOINT CHARLIE,” THE AMERICAN CONTROL GATE IN BERLIN WAS WRITTEN IN RUSSIAN, FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND GERMAN.

24. In 1990, GERMANY REUNITED • GERMANY BECAME A LEADER IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. • WHAT ARE SOME OF THE RESULTS OF A MORE UNIFIED EUROPE?

25. FARMING TO HIGH-TECH • WHAT LANDFORM IS THE REASON FOR AGRICULTURAL SUCCESS IN WESTERN EUROPE? • GERMANY IS A LEADER IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEEL AND MANUFACTURING • FRANCE HAS DEVELOPED HIGH SPEED TRAINS AND NUCLEAR PLANTS THAT FUEL 75% OF ITS ENERGY. • SWITZERLAND’S NEUTRALITY IN WAR HELPED DEVELOPED ITS STABLE BANKING INDUSTRY.