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From Republic to Empire

From Republic to Empire. 1. The Republic Expands. Military All men age 17-46, with a minimum amount of property were required to serve during times of war Organized into units called Legions Commanders called Centurions Officers who command 100 men Highly disciplined and well trained.

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From Republic to Empire

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  1. From Republic to Empire

  2. 1. The Republic Expands • Military • All men age 17-46, with a minimum amount of property were required to serve during times of war • Organized into units called Legions • Commanders called Centurions • Officers who command 100 men • Highly disciplined and well trained

  3. b. The Punic Wars • Series of 3 wars that lasted over 80 years • 1st Punic War • Mostly a naval war • Carthage will have the upper hand initially but Rome will come back and defeat Carthage

  4. ii. 2nd Punic War • Hannibal • Carthage general who led an army and war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps and invaded Italy • Dominated the country side

  5. 2. Publius Cornelius Scipio • Led Roman army to Carthage • Attacked the city • Forced Hannibal to return to Carthage

  6. 3. Plain of Zama • Both Carthage and Roman forces met there • Scipio was able to defeat Hannibal and his troops 4. Rome will strip Carthage of its navy and land held in Spain 5. Did not destroy the city

  7. iv. 3rd Punic War • Carthage begins to build ships again • Rome declares war on Carthage • Laid siege to the city for 3 years • Enslaved its citizens and completely destroyed the city

  8. 2. Problems in the Late Republic • Social Unrest • Gracchi Brothers • Tiberius and Gaius • Tried to help soldiers by redistributing public land to small farmers • Angered the wealthy elite • Senate urged a mob to kill the brothers

  9. b. Military in Politics • Gaius Marius • Elected to the office of Consul • Eliminated property restrictions and began to accept anyone who wanted to join the army • Armies would become loyal to a general; became a tool for political power

  10. ii. Civil War • Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Marius and supporters tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command • Led to a civil war

  11. c. Sulla was victorious and became a dictator • Executed those who opposed him • Carried out reforms aimed at protecting the power of the Senate • Voluntarily retired

  12. 3. Rome Becomes an Empire • The First Triumvirate (rule of 3 men) • Made up of 3 men • Julius Caesar, Gnaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus • Caesar and Pomepy were both successful military leaders • Took over the Republic in 60 B.C.

  13. Julius Caesar Gnaius Pompey

  14. ii. Civil War • Caesar and Pompey faced off in battle • Caesar defeats Pompey and takes full control of the Republic

  15. iii. Caesar • Will be made Dictator for Life • Reforms • Gave citizenship to the providences • Gave public lands to the veterans • Assassinated by a group of Senators on March 15, 44 B.C. also known as the Ides of March

  16. b. The Second Triumvirate • Composed of: Octavian (Caesar’s son and heir), Marc Antony (a loyal officer) and Lepidus (a high priest) • Octavian and Antony divided the empire in half • Octavian took the West • Antony took the East

  17. Octavian Marc Antony

  18. iii. Civil War • Antony and Cleopatra wanted to Expand • Octavian defeats them at a naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C. • Antony and Cleopatra kill themselves iv. Octavian is left with sole power

  19. c. Octavian • Called himself “princeps” or first citizen to avoid the title of emperor • Senate gave him the title Augustus or “revered one” • Head of State for 40 years • Divided rule between himself and the Senate

  20. d. Augustan Age • Foreign Affairs • Tried to bring peace to the West in Gaul and Spain • Tried to push Rome’s borders to the Danube River

  21. ii. Rome • Created a police force and fire brigade • Began Building programs • Moral and religious reform iii. Augustus died in 14 A.D.

  22. 4. Julio-Claudians • Relatives of Julius Caesar ruled for 54 years after Augustus died • Emperors • Tiberius • A good soldier and competent administration

  23. ii. Caligula • Brutal and mentally unstable iii. Nero • Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors • Burned down Rome • Killed his mother • Committed suicide in 68 A.D.

  24. Nero Caligula

  25. 5. The Good Emperors • Started in 96 A.D. • 5 emperors who governed for almost a century • Almost all were outside of Rome • Grew the empire • Trajan • Height of expansion occurred under him

  26. f. Hadrian • Succeeded Trajan • Believed Rome was too large • Built fortifications on the frontiers to protect against invasion • Built walls in Northern Britain (73 miles long)

  27. Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall

  28. 6. The PaxRomana • Period of peace from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. • Called PaxRomana or Roman Peace • Essential traits • Stable government • Strong legal system • Widespread trade • Peace

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