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From Republic To Empire

From Republic To Empire. SS.A.2.4.5; SS.B.2.4.1; SS.B.1.4.4. The Power of the Senate. “Fortune began to grow cruel…for greed destroyed honor, integrity and all other noble qualities”~Sallust, 133 B.C. 200 BC: All power lies with the Senate Most senators=rich land owners/families

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From Republic To Empire

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  1. From Republic To Empire SS.A.2.4.5; SS.B.2.4.1; SS.B.1.4.4

  2. The Power of the Senate • “Fortune began to grow cruel…for greed destroyed honor, integrity and all other noble qualities”~Sallust, 133 B.C. • 200 BC: All power lies with the Senate • Most senators=rich land owners/families • Directed wars • Controlled domestic & foreign policy • Controlled $

  3. Inequality & Unrest • Most land owned by rich • Small farmers forced to cities; poor • Poor masses growing angry • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, try to help, ask Council of the Plebes to pass land reforms • Take land from rich, give to poor • Reforms anger Senate, Senators kill Gracchus brothers

  4. Military Fills In Gaps

  5. New Roll For Roman Military • Early Roman army=small land owners • Marius (consul of Rome in 107 BC) begins recruiting from city’s poor, no land • These new volunteers swore loyalty to Marius, not Rome/Senate- no gov. control • To get land for army vets, Generals now involved in politics, Gen=power • Gens Sulla & Marius fight civil war • Sulla takes control of Rome (82 BC), and after killing all opposition, restores power to Senate

  6. Marius & Sulla

  7. Collapse of the Republic • 82-31 BC: 50 years of Civil War • Crassus, Pompey & Julius Caesar rise • First triumvirate • Crassus dies in battle, Senate decides Pompey should be only ruler • Caesar refuses to give up power, brings army across Rubicon River, attack Rome • Pompey dies, Caesar only ruler left • 45 BC: Caesar=dictator; assassinated 44 BC

  8. Julius Caesar

  9. Caesar’s Legacy • Increased Senate to 900 members • Gave land to poor • New calendar—Julian Calendar • New buildings in Rome • Running water for all • Triumphs: public parties marking his military victories

  10. Caesar’s Empire; 44 B.C.

  11. Monument to Caesar

  12. Caesar, Protector of Rome

  13. Ianuarius 31 Februarius 28 Martius 31 Aprilis 30 Maius 31 Iunius 30 Quintilis (Iulius) 31 Sextilis (Augustus) 31 September 30 October 31 November 30 December 31 Intercalaris 0 Total: 365 days Leap year rather than Intercalaris The Julian Calendar

  14. Second Triumvirate • After Caesar’s death; Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus—after few years, Lep out • Caesar Octavian vs. Marc Antony • 31 BC: Octavian crushes joint army of Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt • Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide • At age 32, Octavian alone rules Roman Empire—changes name to Caesar Augustus (Age of Augustus: 31 BC-AD 14)

  15. Hail, Caesar Augustus!

  16. Do Now: Section Review • Read Chapter 5, Section 2 (156-162) • Turn to page 162, write and answer questions 1, 2, 4, 5 & 7

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