Human Anatomy and Body Systems

1. Human Anatomy and Body Systems

2. Levels of Organization Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . . Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function Organ Systems– groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body ***The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis.

3. The 12 Human Body Systems • Digestive system • Excretory system • Respiratory system • Circulatory system • Nervous system • Endocrine system • Skeletal system • Muscular system • Immune system • Lymphatic system • Integumentary system • Reproductive system

4. The Digestive System

5. The Digestive System Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler micromolecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs and their Functions: Mouth – to chew (mechanical), grind up (break down Carbohydrates) and lubricate food -- saliva (alkaline) also begins the chemical breakdown Esophagus– pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach– secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food (Proteins) (Chemical)…Gastric Ulcer -- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme

6. Pancreas– produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels -- also help neutralize stomach acid Liver – produces bile, which breaksdownfats (Lipids) in foods Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use SmallIntestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream -- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces called villi, on the intestine LargeIntestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion Peristalsis: Peristalsis are a series of muscle contractions that occur in your digestive tract to move food forward. (Mechanical)

7. The Excretory System

8. The Excretory/Urinary System Purpose:to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts Major Organs and Their Functions Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system. Nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filtersout urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine Capillary is the blood vessel solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the kidneys -- eventually the toxins travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder

9. Skin– sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide + a little oxygen

11. The Respiratory System Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide Major Organs and Their Functions Nose – internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering

12. Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) -- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles -- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli (singular = alveolus) -- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes -- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs through DIFFUSION. --The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath -- hiccups are involuntarycontractions of the diaphragm --From the Lungs, blood goes to the Heart through Pulmonary Vein.

13. Image of the Respiratory System

14. The Circulatory System

15. The Circulatory System Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration. Carries CO2, O2, Nutrients, Metabolic Waste. Major Organs and Their Functions Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system -- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria) -- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the Aorta (largest vessel in human body) to the rest of the body -- valve regulate the flow of blood between the chambers

16. Arteries – carry blood AWAY from the heart and to the major organs of the body (Usually Oxygenated blood except for Pulmonary) • Veins – carry blood BACK to the heart away from the major organs of the body (Usually Deoxygenated blood except for Pulmonary) • Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs • --Body cells take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood. • Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system • -- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen (Bound and NOT dissolve) • -- whitebloodcells function in the immune system • -- platelets help in blood clotting • Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood

18. The Nervous System Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment Major Organs and Their Functions Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through -- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions) --Medulla is part of the human brain that contains the primary breathing control center SpinalCord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa -- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

19. Diagram of a Nerve Cell/Neuron • Nerves are made up of Neurons. • Types: • 1. Sensory (for Input of information from sensory receptors) • 2. Interneuron (for sending information between sensory and motor neurons. Usually exist in Central Nervous System) • 3. Motor (for Output information through muscles and glands.)

20. Nervous system: How do Reflexes work?

21. The Endocrine System Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones Major Organs/Glands -- hypothalamus -- pituitary gland -- thyroid -- parathyroid -- adrenal glands -- pancreas -- testes -- ovaries

22. Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. Metabolism is the set of life-maintaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments

23. SKELETAL SYSTEM

24. The Skeletal System Purpose: to provide structure, protection and support to the human body Bone Marrow is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones where new blood cells are generated Bones require the mineral calcium for strength Major Bones of the Human Body -- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back) -- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes)

26. Muscular system

27. The Muscular System Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body -- muscle cells are fibrous -- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary Major Muscles in the Human Body -- biceps -- triceps -- deltoids -- glutes -- hamstrings Types of Muscles: Skeletal (contract upon command/Voluntary) Smooth (without conscious thought/Involuntary) Cardiac (without conscious thought/Involuntary) Only HEART

28. The Immune System

29. The Immune System • Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body • The immune response is how your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful to the body. • Major Organs and Their Functions • Skin – also called the Integumentarysystem, the skin is the body’s first line of defense • White Blood Cells/Leukocytes– recognize disease agents (antigens) and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens • -- phagocytes are the white blood cell type that actually eat and destroy these antigens • There are two main cells involved in immunity: B cells and T cells. • LymphNodes – (see Lymphatic System)

30. Passive vs. Active Immunity Passive immunity is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short lived—usually lasting only a few months. Active immunity is induced in the host itself by antigen and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong.

32. Lymphatic System Lymph Nodes– help restore fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system --Cleanses the blood --Involved in immunity

34. Integumentary System Skin = The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside Forms the externalbodycovering Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulatebodytemperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

35. Epithelium Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body Form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells: Secretion selectiveabsorption protection transcellulartransport detectionofsensation.

36. Reproductive System Produces offspring

37. Interactions • How do all these systems interact in order for the body to function? • Regulation • Nutrient absorption • Reproduction • Defense from injury and illness

38. Regulation Examples Body temperature:integumentary, nervous, circulatory and muscular Skin (integumentary) and brain (nervous) monitor temperature If too temperature toohigh, brain signals skin’s sweatglands to coolbody; heat can also be dissipated by dilating capillaries (circulatory) in the skin If temperature toolow, brain signals muscles (muscular) to contract; temperature can also be raised by pooling blood to the internal organs Heart and respiration rates: circulatory, respiratory, and nervous • Receptors (nervous) monitor blood pressure and oxygen levels • If toohigh, heart (circulatory) or lungs (respiratory) decreaserate • If toolow, heart (circulatory) or lungs (respiratory) increaserate Blood concentrations: endocrine, nervous, excretory, integumentary, digestive, and circulatory • Brain (nervous) signals endocrine glands (endocrine) to produce hormones, which travel through blood (circulatory) Kidneys (excretory) signaled to release more or less water as needed • Skin (integumentary) can sweat to lower water levels • Liver (digestive) releases glucose and pancreas releases insulin (endocrine) to change sugar levels in blood

39. Nutrient Absorption Examples: digestive, muscular, and circulatory • Mouth (muscular and digestive) chews food, sent through throat (muscular and digestive) to stomach • Food churned (muscular) and chemically digested (digestive) • Blood vessels (circulatory) absorb nutrients through microvilli in intestine (digestive)

40. Reproduction Examples:reproductive, endocrine, and circulatory• Hormones (endocrine) created, travel through blood (circulatory) to stimulate and regulate organs (reproductive)• Organs (reproductive) create and/or release gametes, allow for fertilization to occur• In mammals, blood (circulatory) delivers nutrients to developing fetus (reproductive)

41. Defense From Injury Examples:integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, endocrine and nervous1. Skin (integumentary) and skeleton (skeletal) protect organs from environment 2. Receptors in skin (integumentary) detect changes and danger, spinal column (nervous) send signals for muscles (muscular) to move away3. Brain (nervous) processes other sensory information to recognize danger, adrenaline (endocrine) is released from the adrenal gland into the blood (circulatory) for the fight or flight response

42. Defense From Illness Examples:integumentary, respiration, digestive, circulatory, and immune1. Skin (integumentary) and mucus and hairs along passageways (respiratory) act as physical barrier to pathogens… NOTE: Skin is the first line of defense!2. Stomach acids (digestive) kill pathogens in food3. Bone marrow (skeletal) is also a key component of the lymphatic system, producing the lymphocytes that support the body's immune system4. Specialized phagocytes and lymphocytes (immune/lymph) travel through blood (circulatory) and attack pathogens

43. Levels of Organization in Animals Population (ex. group of American Flamingos - Phoenicopterusruberin one area) Community (ex. Flamingos, Reeds, Spoonbills living in one area) Ecosystem (ex. a Florida Wetland) Biome (ex. Wetlands around the world) Biosphere (ex. Majority of Earth) • Atom (ex. Oxygen) • Molecule (ex. RNA molecule) • Organelle (ex. Ribosomes) Life begins here • Cell (ex. Epithelial cell) • Tissue (ex. Epithelial Tissue Layer) • Organ (ex. Stomach) • Organ System (ex. Digestive System) • Organism (ex. one American Flamingo– Phoenicopterusruber)