Human Body Systems

1. Human Body Systems 2011-2012

2. Mav Mark 10/24/11 List as many human body systems as you can. (Try for at least 6)

3. Mav Mark 11/25/11 Explain the 4 types of tissues. Give an example of each.

4. Mav Mark 10/26/11 Voice box Connects bone to bone Connects skeletal muscle to bone Causes blood to clot Carries oxygen Fight pathogens Windpipe Tendon Trachea Larnyx White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Ligaments Platelets

5. Mav Mark 10/27/11 Identify the structure in the picture. In which organ system would you find this structure? Identify the structure in the picture. In which organ system would you find this structure?

6. Mav Mark 10/28/11 Identify the structure in the picture. In which organ system would you find this structure? Identify the structure in the picture. In which organ system would you find this structure?

7. Mav Mark 10/31/11 List and explain the 4 components of blood.

8. Mav Mark 11/1/11 Pituitary Thyroid Ovaries Testes Adrenal Pancreas Secretes testosterone Master Gland Secretes Insulin Regulates Metabolism Secretes estrogen Secretes epinephrine

9. Mav Mark 11/02/11 Test Day!! Take out a sheet of Paper and a Pencil, then clear your desk.

10. Maintaining Homeostasis • Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment of the human body. • Body Temperature (sweating/shivering) • Hormone Levels • Refers to a balance or equilibrium state in the body.

11. Tissues: Cells working together • Epithelial: (skin) covers and protects underlying tissue. • Nervous: sends signals throughout the body • Muscle: composed of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement • Connective: (blood, collagen) joins, supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organs

12. Tissues

13. Skeletal System • Provides • Protection of internal organs • Storage of minerals needed throughout the body • Movement: skeletal muscles pull on bone • Formation of blood cells • Types of bone • Spongy: contains bone marrow, provides most strength • Compact: bone without open spaces

14. Cartilage: soft, flexible tissue that may be a precursor to bone. (ear, tip of nose) Ligaments: strong elastic bands of connective tissue that hold joints together. Connects bone to bone. Joints: place where two or more bones are connected (elbow, knee, hip, shoulder) Holding bones together

15. Smooth muscle: found in the digestive tract and lines internal organs (involuntary) Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart (involuntary) Skeletal muscle: attached to bones to allow movement. (voluntary) Tendon: connects skeletal muscle to bone Muscular System

16. Integumentary system • Sweat glands: aid in maintaining homeostasis by secreting salty liquid to cool the body • Melanin: pigment of the skin (tanning, freckles.) • Epidermis: thin covering of your skin • Dermis: Thicker layer found underneath the epidermis. Contains connective tissues, blood vessels, glands.

17. Integumentary system

18. Cardiovascular system • Blood: connective tissue • Platelets: aid in clotting • Leukocytes (white blood cells): fight pathogens and produce antibodies • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): carry oxygen throughout the body • Plasma: fluid component

19. Blood Vessels • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. • Veins: Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Has valves. • Capillaries: Found in all over the body. Thin vessels that allow the transfer of oxygen between the blood and body tissue. • Blood pressure: pressure excreted on the wall of the blood vessel as blood is pumped

20. Blood Vessels

21. Structure of Heartorgan responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels

22. Lymphatic System • Collects excess fluid, filters it, and returns it to the blood • Lymph nodes: trap and filter pathogens and dead cells • Thymus: located above the heart and releases WBCs. • Spleen: largest lymph node, located in abdomen

23. Respiratory System • Pharynx: after air enters the nose it goes to the pharynx, then branches to esophagus and larynx • Larynx: voice box • Trachea: windpipe, splits into two tubes called bronchi • Bronchi: branches to thousands of tiny bronchioles. • Alveoli: tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries responsible for oxygen exchange

24. Respiratory System

25. Digestive System • Begins in mouth • Mechanical digestion: mastication (chewing) • Chemical digestion: enzymes made of proteins found in saliva break down macromolecules into nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) • The bolus goes down the esophagus • Food is pushed down the esophagus by peristalsis

26. Digestive System • Stomach: contains sphincters • Muscular bag filled with hydrochloric acid and digest proteins and kills bacteria. (food then called chyme) • Small intestine: most absorption of nutrients occurs here • Large intestine: water absorption occurs here • Rectum: stores feces

27. Digestive System • Small intestine: contain villi that resemble fingerlike projects and increase surface area that food is absorbed • Pancreas: secretes enzymes to neutralize the acid in the chyme • Liver: makes bile, breaks down toxins, makes cholesterol, stores nutrients • Gallbladder: secretes bile into the large intestine to digest fat • 3 parts of SI: Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum

28. Digestive System • What causes heart burn? • What causes diarrhea or constipation? • If the stomach contains strong acid, then how does it not burn the walls of the stomach?

29. Urinary System • Kidney: • two bean shaped organs • Contains nephrons that filter the blood • Urine is the yellow stuff filtered out of the blood • Ureter: tube that leads from each kidney to the bladder • Bladder: thin sac that stores urine • Urethra: tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body

30. Central Nervous system: includes your brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: includes all other nerves that run throughout your body Nervous system

31. Nervous system • Axon: transmit signal/impulse • Dendrite: receive signal/impulse • Synapse: space between nerve cells where signal is transmitted through neurotransmitters • Brain: • Cerebrum: thinking • Cerebellum: balance • Medulla: involuntary activities

32. Drug use decreases the number of transmitters and receptors Drug use

33. Endocrine system: Hormone secretor • Hormone: a chemical that triggers a response from the body • Gland: secretes a hormone • Pituitary gland: “master gland” controls other glands • Adrenal gland: body’s response to danger (fight or flight) (adrenalin) • Thyroid: controls metabolize • Pancreas: controls blood sugar levels (diabetes) • Reproductive glands: Males: testes Females: ovaries

34. Endocrine system

35. Asexual reproduction: Requires only 1 parent Does not involve sex cell production Occurs in bacteria, archea, as well as some fungi and plants Binary fission: bacteria Budding: sponge Sexual reproduction Requires two parents Involves fertilization of two gametes (sex cells) produced from meiosis Reproduction

36. Reproductive System • Males and Females differ • Male reproductive system produces and delivers sperm • Female reproductive system produces eggs and nourishes/houses developing child • Puberty is the time in life when the sex organs of both males and females matures.

37. Male Reproductive System • The male genitals are located both inside and outside the pelvis and include: • Testicles: produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells (also part of endocrine system: produces testosterone which leads to body/facial hair, deeper voice, and production of sperm) • Duct system • Epididymis: connects testes and vas deferns • Vas deferens: transports semen (sperm containing fluid) • Scrotum: bag of skin helps regulate the temperature of testicles

38. Male Reproductive System • Accessory glands: provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Penis: • Transfers the semen in to the female’s body during sexual intercourse. • http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/male_reproductive.html

39. Female Reproductive System • Unlike the male, the human female has a reproductive system located entirely in the pelvis. • Internal organs: • Vagina: functions • Sexual intercourse • Pathway that a baby takes out of a woman's body during childbirth • route for the menstrual blood to leave the body from the uterus

40. Female Reproductive System • Internal organs • Uterus (womb): • Shaped like an upside-down pear • Has a thick lining and muscular walls (contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body) • They can expand and contract to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor. • Fallopian Tubes: • Connect the uterus to the ovaries • Location of fertilization

41. Female Reproductive System • Ovaries: • Two oval-shaped organs that lie to the upper right and left of the uterus. • They produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes in the process called ovulation • Part of endocrine system: produce female sex hormones • Estrogen • promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics • stimulate endometriral growth • increase uterine growth • Progesterone • helps prepare your body for conception and pregnancy and regulates the monthly menstrual cycle

42. Menstrual Cycle • Begins with Menstruation (2-7days) • Preparation for fertilization: (about 7 days) • Uterine lining thickens • Hormones begin to prepare egg for release • Ovulation and travel through fallopian tube (about 7 days) • If fertilization doesn’t occur hormones are released to begin menstruation • http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/changing_body/female_repro.html

43. Menstrual Cycle • Ovulation: releasing of egg • Menstruation (period): releasing of unfertilized egg, blood, and tissues from the inner lining of the uterus • Menarche: girl’s first period

44. Fertilization • If a female and male have sex within several days of the female's ovulation, fertilization can occur. When the male ejaculates, semen is deposited into the vagina. Between 75 and 900 million sperm "swim" up from the vagina through the cervix and uterus to meet the egg in the fallopian tube. It takes only one sperm to fertilize the egg.