Human Body Systems

1. Human Body Systems 2011-2012

2. Maintaining Homeostasis Homeostasis refers to a balance or equilibrium state in the body “biological balance” Body Temperature (sweating/shivering) Thirst when dehydrated Hormone Levels

3. Tissues Cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organisms

4. Tissues • There are four main types of tissues in the human body: • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous

5. Covers and protects underlying tissues Examples: Skin Covering of most organs Epithelial Tissue

6. Joins, supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organs Examples: Loose connective Dense connective Tendons ligaments Blood Bone Adipose (fat) Cartilage Connective Tissue

7. Contract and relax to produce movement Examples: Smooth intestines Skeletal Attached to bones Cardiac heart Muscle Tissue

8. Sends signals throughout the body Examples: Brain nerves Nervous Tissue

9. The Body Systems

10. Tissue Types Epithelial Connective (to attach skin to unlying muscle) Organs Skin Hair Nails Sweat Glands Sebaceous Glands (oil) Integumentary System

11. Integumentary Functions • Maintains Homeostasis (regulate body temperature) • Provides protection for internal body • Prevents water loss • Produces Vitamin D

12. Tissue Types Connective Tissue Bone Cartilage Loose connective Dense connective Blood Organs Bone Spongy Compact Skeletal System

13. Skeletal Functions • Protection for some internal organs • Heart, lungs, brain • Forms blood cells • Body shape and Movement • Stores important minerals • Calcium, Phosphates

14. Skeletal Functions • Cartilage is soft, flexible tissue. Some cartilage forms bone • Ligaments are strong elastic bands that connect bone to bone • Joints are where two bones connects

15. Tissue Types Connective Loose connective Muscle tendons Organs Smooth Skeletal Cardiac Muscular System

16. Muscle Functions • Smooth • Found in digestive tract and line many organs • Have one central nucleus • Involuntary (controlled unconsciously) • Skeletal • Attach to bones to allow movement • Have multiple nuclei • Voluntary (controlled consciously) • Cardiac • Found only in the heart • Involuntary

17. Tissue Types Connective blood Muscle Cardiac Epithelial Covering of organs Organs Heart Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Cardiovascular System

18. Cardiovascular FunctionsHeart • Pumps blood through the blood vessels • Has four chambers

19. Cardiovascular FunctionsBlood • Platelets • aid in clotting • Leukocytes(white blood cells) • Fight pathogens and produce antibodies • Erythrocytes(red blood cells) • Carry oxygen • Plasma • Fluid component

20. Cardiovascular FunctionsBlood Vessels • Arteries • Carry oxygenated (O2) blood away from the heart • Veins • Carry deoxygenated (CO2) blood to the heart • Capillaries • Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins and exchange O2/CO2 in tissues

21. Tissue Types Connective Blood Epithelial Glands Organ coverings Organs Spleen Liver Tonsils Thymus Appendix Bone Marrow Lymph node Lymphatic System

22. Lymphatic Functions • Collects excess fluid, filters it, and returns it to the blood • Lymph nodes: trap and filter pathogens and dead cells • Thymus: located above the heart and releases white blood cells • Spleen: largest lymph node, located in abdomen

23. Tissue Types Connective Cartilage Bone Epithelial Organ coverings Muscle Skeletal Organs Lungs Pharynx Larynx Trachea Diaphragm Respiratory System

24. Respiratory System

25. Tissue Types Muscle smooth Epithelial Organ coverings Organs Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine (colon) Rectum Liver Pancreas Gall bladder Digestive System

26. Digestive System Functions

27. Digestive System Functions • Mouth- both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva) digestion occurs • Stomach- muscular organ that churns food and mixes it with enzymes • Small intestine- where most of the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream • Large intestine- water absorption and preparation for removal of waste

28. Digestive System FunctionsAccessory Organs • Liver- makes bile to breakdown toxins, metabolizes fats, makes cholesterol • Pancreas- secretes enzymes to breakdown glucose • Gallbladder- stores and secretes bile to digest fats

29. Tissue Types Connective Epithelial Organ coverings bladder Muscle Smooth muscle Organs Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Urinary System

30. Urinary System Functions • Removes waste and excretes foreign substance such as drugs (prescription and other) • Filters blood • Forms urine

31. Tissue Types Nervous Organs Central Nervous Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous All extended nerves Nervous System

32. Nervous System Functions • Detects changes in the body • Makes decisions based on information it receives • Stimulates muscles and glands

33. Nervous System FunctionsThe nerve cell • Axon sends the signal/impulse • Dendrites receive the signal/impulse • Synapse a space between the the axon and dendrite where impulses are transmitted

34. Tissue Types Epithelial glands Organs Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Thymus Kidneys Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male) Endocrine System

35. Endocrine System Functions • Vital part of maintaining homeostasis • Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

36. Endocrine System FunctionsThe Glands • Hormones- chemicals that trigger a body response • Gland- secrete the hormone • Pituitary Gland- the “master gland” controls all other glands • Adrenal Glands- adrenalin • Thyroid- controls metabolism • Pancreas- controls blood sugar levels • Ovaries/Testes- reproductive hormones