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This article discusses the measurement of the velocity of light using Michaelson's method. It provides an overview of the theory and principles behind photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as the Born-Oppenheimer separation and the variation principle. It also explores the concept of kinetic energy and its historical development.
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Ecalc≥ Eo Variation Principle Harry Kroto 2004
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation H = E H = Hel + Hvib + Hrot+ … Harry Kroto 2004
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation H = E H = Hel + Hvib + Hrot+ … = el vib rot … Harry Kroto 2004
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation H = E H = Hel + Hvib + Hrot+ … = el vib rot … =i i Harry Kroto 2004
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation H = E H = Hel + Hvib + Hrot+ … = el vib rot … =i i E = Eel + Evib + Erot +… Harry Kroto 2004
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation H = E H = Hel + Hvib + Hrot+ … = el vib rot … =i i E = Eel + Evib + Erot +… E= i Ei Harry Kroto 2004
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation H = E H = Hel + Hvib + Hrot+ … = el vib rot ns… =i i E = Eel + Evib + Erot + Ens… E= i Ei Nuclear Spin Harry Kroto 2004
αα αβ βα ββ Spin
The adjective kinetic has its roots in the Greek word κίνησις (kinesis) meaning motion, which is the same root as in the word cinema, referring to motion pictures. The principle in classical mechanics that E ∝ mv² was first developed by Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli, who described kinetic energy as the living force, vis viva. Willem 's Gravesande of the Netherlands provided experimental evidence of this relationship. By dropping weights from different heights into a block of clay, 's Gravesande determined that their penetration depth was proportional to the square of their impact speed. Émilie du Châtelet recognized the implications of the experiment and published an explanation.[3] The terms kinetic energy and work in their present scientific meanings date back to the mid-19th century. Early understandings of these ideas can be attributed to Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, who in 1829 published the paper titled Du Calcul de l'Effet des Machines outlining the mathematics of kinetic energy. William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, is given the credit for coining the term "kinetic energy" c. 1849–51.[4][5]
Willem 's Gravesande Born in 's-Hertogenbosch, he studied law in Leiden and wrote a thesis on suicide. He was praised by John Bernoulli[1] when he published his book Essai de perspective. In 1715, he visited London and King George I. He became a member of the Royal Society. In 1717 he became professor in physics and astronomy in Leiden, and introduced the works of his friend Newton in the Netherlands. He opposed fatalists like Hobbes and Spinoza. In 1724, Peter the Great offered him a job in Saint Petersburg, but Willem Jacob did not accept. His main work is Physices elementa mathematica, experimentis confirmata, sive introductio ad philosophiam Newtonianam or Mathematical Elements of Natural Philosophy, Confirm'd by Experiments (Leiden 1720), in which he laid the foundations for teaching physics. Voltaire and Albrecht von Haller were in his audience, Frederic the Great invited him in 1737 to come to Berlin. His chief contribution to physics involved an experiment in which brass balls were dropped with varying velocity onto a soft clay surface. His results were that a ball with twice the velocity of another would leave an indentation four times as deep, that three times the velocity yielded nine times the depth, and so on. He shared these results with Émilie du Châtelet, who subsequently corrected Newton's formula E = mv to E = mv2. (Note that though we now add a factor of 1/2 to this formula to make it work with coherent systems of units, the formula as expressed is correct if you choose units to fit it.)
Hydrogen Harry Kroto 2004
Problem 25th Feb 2010 Write about a page on Boyle’s Law
