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Development of the Heart: A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis

Explore the intricate journey of heart development from the trilaminar embryo to congenital heart defects with a focus on key stages and functional requirements. Understand the significance of the cardiovascular system and the essential vascular network. Witness the transformation of the heart tube into chambers, septums, and crucial connections for fetal circulation and postnatal adaptation. Gain insights into the phylogenetic sequence and anomalies in heart development.

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Development of the Heart: A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis

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  1. Development of the Heart 212 – 2004 – Week 6 Avinash Bharadwaj

  2. Retrospect… • Trilaminar embryo • Three germ layers • Head and tail folds

  3. Cardiovascular System • The Heart • Blood vessels • Abnormal development • Correlation

  4. Some Special Features • Early development and function • Requirements of the foetus • Non-functional lungs • Placental circulation • Planning for postnatal life • Right-left passage essential during foetal life, obliteration required immediately after birth. • The phylogenetic sequence.

  5. Earliest Development • Angiogenic cell clusters or Blood Islands • Blood cells and endothelium

  6. Cardiogenic Area • Flat embryo • Position of cardiogenic area

  7. Head Fold • Cardiac area • Gut formation • Pericardium and heart tube

  8. Later…

  9. The Heart Tube • Venous and arterial ends • Regions defined • Bulbus cordis • Ventricle • Atrium • Sinus venosus • Conus and Truncus…?

  10. B V D A V SV The Tube Bends

  11. The Chambers Left Front A A A BVL V

  12. A-Ar LA RA AVC The Interior • R and L atria • Atrioventricular canal : common • Outflow • Aortic arches

  13. Left – Right Partitioning • Interatrial septum • Interventricular septum • Spiral (aortico-pulomonary septum • Endocardial cushions (A-V cushions) • Functional requirements • There must always be a right to left passage!

  14. Interatrial septum • Partitioning • Right to left passage • Mechanism for closing the passage

  15. A V

  16. Septum Primum • This is a sagittal section seen from the right. AVC V

  17. Foramen Primum • Foramen primum : Between the septum and the AV Cushions

  18. Passage is a Must! • Foramen secundum • Foramen primum about to disappear

  19. Septum Secundum • To the right of primum • Foramen primum has disappeared

  20. Foramen ovale • F. Ovale – • In septum secundum • Further…

  21. The ‘Valve’ • Two septa • Two foramina

  22. Sinus Venosus • Originally a symmetrical structure • Right and left “horns” • Venous return more to the right • Left horn becomes smaller • Opening shifts to the right • Later – part of right atrium

  23. Left Atrium • Four pulmonary veins • Common opening • “Absorption” of veins into atrium • Rough part - auricle

  24. The Ventricular Septum Three Parts • Interventricular septum • AV Cushions • Spiral Septum

  25. The Ventricular Septum R Membranous Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Muscular

  26. Foetal Circulation • Very little pulmonary flow • Placental Circulation • Right to Left Passages

  27. IVC : Blood from placenta • Ductus venosus • F. ovale • Ductus arteriosus

  28. Changes At Birth • Closure of interatrial septum • Closure of ductus arteriosus • Closure of ductus venosus

  29. Congenital Heart Disease • Septal Defects – Atrial and Ventricular • Endocardial cushion defects • Aorticopulmonary defects • PDA • Others

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