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Microprocessor Engineering

Microprocessor Engineering. Introduction 11/12. Microprocessor Engineering 16-7210. Alan Holloway contact: a.f.holloway@shu.ac.uk Room 9323 Furnival/Cantor Weeks 1-6 6 × 2 Hour Lectures 6 × 1 Hour Labs Weeks 7-12 6 × 1 Hour Lectures 6 × 2 Hour Labs. Assessment method.

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Microprocessor Engineering

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  1. Microprocessor Engineering Introduction 11/12

  2. Microprocessor Engineering 16-7210 Alan Holloway • contact: a.f.holloway@shu.ac.uk • Room 9323 Furnival/Cantor • Weeks 1-6 • 6 × 2 Hour Lectures • 6 × 1 Hour Labs • Weeks 7-12 • 6 × 1 Hour Lectures • 6 × 2 Hour Labs

  3. Assessment method • 50% Coursework • formative series of lab tutorials (7.5%) • In class test on C & bit manipulation (2.5%) • major assignment (40%) • 50 % Exam • 2 Hours duration • 4 from 6 questions

  4. Resources • All course information can be found on the Blackboard site or at www.aholloway.co.uk • Lecture notes • Sample programs • Reading list • Software (available free)

  5. Microprocessor Engineering • Microprocessor Systems • Microcontrollers • ARM7 core Processor Family • specifically NXP LPC2368 microcontroller • Many others are available 8051, PIC, AVR etc • C Programming will be used throughout • ARM Realview MDK - 'C' compiler & other tools • u-Vision Integrated Development Environment

  6. address decoder chip enable signals address bus data bus a d CE CE CE reset Additional devices uP ROM RAM I/O clock OE WR OE WR OE read write Microprocessor System Structure

  7. Bus operations • Read • Write • Each read/write operation is made up of a number of clock cycles or T states • Each machine instruction is made up of one or more read and/or write operations • This is why we shouldn't compare microprocessors simply based on clock speed

  8. 2a - 1 Totalmemory space 1 0 d bits Address Bus • Unidirectional and generated by microprocessor • Number of address lines determines number of address locations • Addressable locations = 2^a where a is the number of address lines FFFFH memory addresses E00FH I/O E000H Memory Map : A memory map shows the position of devices within the whole of the addressable area MemoryAddress 7FFFH RAM 6000H 3FFFH ROM 0000H

  9. Data Bus • Bi-directional • Usually matches the word length of the microprocessor • Usually a multiple of 8 • We talk of 8-bit, 16-bit , 32-bit and 64-bit processors which refers to the normal word length of the microprocessor

  10. Control bus • Consists of potentially many signals. Typically:- • Read • Write • Could be single signal - Read/notWrite line • Interrupt control • Bus control signals for DMA (Direct Memory Access)

  11. Microprocessr • CPU – Central Processing Unit • ALU – Arithmetic Control Unit • Circuit which performs arithmetic and logical operations • Registers • Small CPU bases storage very quick • Control Unit • Controls the flow of data through the processor, and coordinates the activities of the other units within it

  12. Microprocessor Registers • General purpose registers • Accumulator – used in conjunction with ALU – often found on 8-bit microprocessors • Status or Flag Register – indicate result of last instruction executed • Program counter(PC) or Instruction Pointer • Stack Pointer (SP) • Special registers – Instruction and memory address register

  13. The Fetch – Execute cycle • Fetch • memory read cycle • place in instruction register and decode • Execute • may involve additional read and/or write cycles • Often the whole Fetch-Execute cycle is carried out through a pipeline operation involving several stages. • 5 stages are often used (IF, ID, RR, EX, WB) • The Pentium 4 has 20 stages • The ARM 7 has 3 stages

  14. Pipeline - Natural assembly line • Example • Alan (A) Barry (B) & Chris (C) each have a load of clothes • Washer takes 30 mins • Dryer takes 30 mins • Ironing takes 30 mins A B C

  15. Sequential - non pipelined B C 7pm 11.30pm A Total for 3 Loads is 4.5 Hours

  16. Pipelined • Total for 3 loads pipelines 2.5 hours B C 7pm 11.30pm A

  17. Pipelines • Does not speed up 1 task - increases overall throughput • Multiple tasks operate simultaneously using separate resources • Limited by speed of slowest resource

  18. ARM7 Pipeline • The pipeline has hardware-independent stages that execute one instruction while decoding a second and fetching a third. The pipeline speeds up the throughput ofCPU instructions so effectively that most ARM instructions can be executed in a single cycle. • The pipeline works most efficiently on linear code.

  19. CPU operation • On reset – PC is loaded with a value, typically 0 • Fetch – execute cycle • Fetch instruction • memory read cycle using PC (program counter) • place in instruction register and decode • increment PC ready for next fetch • Execute instruction • often involves additional read and/or write cycles to read operands and possibly write back results • could modify PC – causes flow of program execution to change

  20. CPU Architecture • Two basic types • Von Neumann • One memory space for instructions and data • Therefore one single memory bus structure • Harvard • Separate instruction and data spaces • Therefore separate memory buses – parallel operation and therefore faster operation • Can have different address and data bus widths optimised for each bus

  21. Basic microprocessor system • Von Neumann Architecture Microprocessor Power on & manual reset Address Reset Memory (Instructions & Data) and Input/Output A0-Ax Data Clock D0-dy Oscillator Read Write

  22. Harvard Architecture Microprocessor Address Address Program Memory A0-Ax Data Memory & I/O A0-Ay Data Instruction d0-dn I0-Iw Read Read Write

  23. What is an embedded system? • An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions • Washing machine runs programs • Open water valve • Heat water • Start spin • etc etc…. • Do we need a PC running windows Vista to do this ?

  24. Will I ever need to use one? • Over 4 billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 2006 alone • the world's population is estimated to be about 6.756 billion • Average car contains >50 microcontrollers • Electrical, electronic, control, robotics, computer engineer - Yes you will

  25. What is an Embedded Computer System • Special purpose computer – usually with one specific task or application. • Usually embedded in a device which often has other electronic and mechanical parts • Usually optimised for the specific task • Has the usual basic computer components – CPU, memory, inputs & outputs

  26. Microcontroller • A microcontroller is the integration of • microprocessor • memory • ROM types – commonly flash PROM • RAM – Static ram • peripherals • parallel input and output(digital I/O) • Timers and Counters • Serial input and output (UART, USART, SPI etc.) • Analogue to digital converters • PWM, CAPCOM registers, DACs etc.etc.

  27. Examples • consumer appliances • tv's, mp3 players, dvd's, washing machines etc. • automotive applications • engine management, anti-lock braking • computer peripherals • hard disk controllers, routers, switches • medical equipment • scanners, blood analysers • telecoms • mobile phones • aerospace • satellite control systems, avionics

  28. Some Characteristics • Very simple to very complex applications • Often single application • but concurrent operation • Could be real-time (hard and soft) • Program is normally stored in ROM – called firmware – flash ROM commonly • Could be critical applications • Interfacing with other devices via peripherals • Require a range of development tools – hardware and software • May use operating system (RTOS)

  29. Constraints • Physical size • Weight • Power usage • Performance – throughput and/or response time • Cost

  30. Resulting in - • limited space • limited processing power • 8-bit processor • limited memory RAM & ROM • only Ks of memory not Ms • schemes to limit power consumption • low power modes • sleep • standby • determinism – needed for RT guarantee

  31. Linksys Wired & Wireless Router

  32. Linksys WRT54GL Router & Access point • CPU – Broadcom BCM4712KPB @ 200 MHz • RAM – 16MiBytes (2 x S42S16400 RAM Chips) • ROM – 4MiBytes (Intel TE28F320 C3 Flash ROM) • I/O • WAN port: One 10/100 RJ-45 port • LAN port: Four 10/100 RJ-45 ports • Wi-Fi Channels: 13 • LED Indicators : power, DMZ, WLAN, port 1/2/3/4, Internet

  33. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller vs Soc vs FPGA • uP • General purpose • external memory and peripherals • connected by a memory bus • uC • uP integrated with memory and peripheral interfaces • families of uC all with same uP but varying amounts and types of memory and interfaces.

  34. Microcontroller (µC) vs. Microprocessor (µP) • µC intended as a single chip solution, µP requires external support chips (memory, peripheral interfaces etc.) • µC has on-chip non-volatile memory for program storage, µP does not. • µC has more interface functions on-chip (serial interfaces,Analog-to-Digital conversion, timers, etc.) than µP • General purpose µPs are typically higher performance (clock speed, data width, instruction set, cache) than µCs • However the division between some µPs and some µCs becoming increasingly blurred.

  35. FPGA/PLD • A field-programmable gate array is a semiconductor device containing programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and programmable interconnects. • Logic blocks can be programmed to perform the function of basic logic gates & combinational functions such as decoders or simple mathematical functions. • In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory

  36. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller vsSoCvs FPGA • SoC – System on a chip • FPGA – Field Programmable Gate Array Core Microcontroller-based System-on-a-Chip Rest of FPGA contains standard logic

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