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Nation Building & Reform

This text provides an overview of the major reforms and political developments in Imperial Russia, Germany, France, and Great Britain during the 19th century, including the emancipation of serfs, legal reforms, populist movements, industrialization, and the rise of socialist parties.

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Nation Building & Reform

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  1. Nation Building & Reform

  2. Imperial Russia • Crimean War defeat pushes Alex II Reforms • emancipation of serfs - Edict March 3, 1861 • “better to abolish from above than below” • Serfs given land (not the best) expected to pay back • 1864 zemstvos - local assemblies • property based elections favor wealthy

  3. Imperial Russia • 1864 - legal reform judicial code - equality before law • Populism movement - wanted greater reform • People’s Will, radical group - assassinated Alex II 1881 • son Alex III - reactionary

  4. Russia • Alexander III - reactionary • secret police expanded, social reform/trade unions persecuted • Russification - Russian language in all schools, pogroms - organized violence against jews • Alex III dies in 1894 - son Nicholas II weak • tried to follow father’s policies

  5. Russia • Nicholas II increased father’s push for ind • Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903 • encouraged foreign capital to build factories • 35,000 miles of rail lines including 5,000 mile Trans-Siberian

  6. Russia • 1898 Social Democratic Party underground • growing nationalism among Poles and Ukranians - not happy w/ conditions and russification • Russian territorial expansion brought into contact w/ Japan - humiliating defeat in Ruso-Japanese War 1904

  7. Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905 • Growing discontent group of workers petition to Winter Palace St. Petersburg Jan 9, 1905 • troops fire on crowd killing hundreds • workers strike and riots through October • October Manifesto - Nich II granted civil liberties and agreed to establish Duma • By 1907 dismissed Duma & returned to authoritarian rule through army and bureaucracy

  8. Germany • Reichstag - universal male suffrage but no ministerial responsibility • 2 barriers to real democracy: army & Biz • Germany Army - defenders of monarchy and aristocracy - officers Junkers • Biz - serves as chancellor til 1890

  9. Biz - domestic policies • kulturkampf - attack on Catholics - distrusted loyalty to new Germany: closed seminaries, abolished religious orders • priests ignored, jailed, paid fines - growing Catholic party • shifts policy 1878 - economic problems needs growing Catholic party to stop growing socialist party SPD antinationalistic, anticapitalistic, antimonarchial

  10. Persecution of SPD - welfare state • 1878 Biz pushed laws banning SPD meetings/publications • Tries to woo socialists w/ socialism • sickness, accident, disability benefits and social security system • Failed to slow growth of socialists * remember largest party by eve of WWI • Biz planned more restrictive measures but canned by William II 1890

  11. William II • reversed policies of outlawing socialism to win over workers - no more success than Biz • Industrialization led to expansion of SPD but less revolutionary more revisionist • William II turns to active foreign policy - expansionism to divert from democratization

  12. 3rd Republic France • After defeat of Nap III 1870 - Biz forces elections on universal male suffrage • French elect a monarchist majority to NA • 1871 radical republicans form Commune • Apr 1871 fighting breaks out in Paris • 20,000 killed another 10,000 deported

  13. 3rd Republic cont. • NA could not agree on who to select as king • 1875 - constitution republican form of gov • 76/77 elections add more republicans • 1889 avoids Boulanger Crisis • strengthens support for republicans

  14. Dreyfus Affair • Jewish Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed by royalist officers • declared guilty of selling military docs to Germany - life in prison • 1906 exonerated - turns out it was a Catholic • Effects - move to more democratic society • Break from Catholic Church - religious orders leave • Monarchist officers removed from army • anti-Semitism discredited • Gained support for republicanism

  15. GB: Victorian Age • had not experienced rev troubles of 1848 • Reform Act of 1832 opened politics to middle class • real wages increase 25% from 1850-70 • stable monarch Queen Vic 1837-1901 • era of political compromising between 2 parties

  16. Disraeli & Gladstone • Whigs (now called Liberals) • Responsible for Reform Act of 1832 • William Gladstone • Tories (now called Conservatives) • would be responsible for Act of 1867 • Benjamin Disraeli

  17. Disraeli & Reform Act of 1867 • Act of 1867 lowered monetary requirements for voting - enfranchised male urban workers • Backfires on Disraeli - liberal victories 1868 • brings Gladstone in as PM • both parties must take into account workers

  18. Liberal Policies of Gladstone 1868-1874 • competitive civil service exams rather than patronage • Purchase of military officer’s commission abolished • secret ballot for voting • Ed Act of 1870 - gov responsible for elementary schools for all children

  19. Disraeli & Conservatives 1874-1880 • Pubic Health Act - duty of states to interfere w/ private property to protect health • Artisan Dwelling Act - gov provided housing for working class • Gladstone reelected in 1880

  20. 2nd Ministry of Gladstone 1880-85 • Reform Act of 1884 vote to all men paid rents or taxes - 2 million more voters • Home Rule & Irish Question: • 1801 Act of Union • 1860s Irish push for independence • 1886 Gladstone home rule bill voted down • Irish Question put off by WWI

  21. Liberalism - welfare state • David Lloyd George - People’s Budget • National Insurance Act of 1911 - sickness and unemployment benefits • Legislation - pension for retirees - programs to be paid for by increase tax on wealthy - redistribution of wealth • Liberals abandoned laissez-faire for social programs steps towards future British welfare state

  22. Austrian Empire • Emancipation of serfs only lasting effect of 1848 Revolt - return to autocratic rule • Industrialization - working class combined w/ defeat in Austro-Prussian War - changes • forced to deal w/ Hungarian nationalists • Ausgleich - Compromise of 1867 - Dual Monarchy • did not satisfy other minority nationalities

  23. Austria-Hungary • Nationalistic minority groups still a problem • ethnic Germans only 1/3 of pop in Austria Czechs, Poles & other slavs want change • Emperor Francis Joseph and Catholic Church unifying factors holding empire together

  24. A-H • Universal male suffrage in Austria 1907 only fans the fire - prime ministers ignore parliament • Magyars in Hungary push for separation 1903, Francis Joseph threatens to grant universal male suffrage in Hungary - Hungary falls in line

  25. Spain & Italy • Sp - Parliamentary gov dominated by wealthy • Generation of 1898 for pol/social reform • w/ ind. more attracted to socialism & anarchism • military crushes violence 1909 Barcelona - tough to mess w/ tradition: Catholic, landowners, army • IT - united geographically 1870 but loyal to family, town, region • sectional diff: Ind - N Ag - S, CC not accept Italy

  26. Socialism and 2nd IR

  27. Influence of Marx • Industrialization on continent picks up 1850-1870 • workers & trade unions not able to combat factory owners • Influence of Marx in 1870s = formation of socialist parties and socialist trade unions

  28. Marx • Publication of The Communist Manifesto 1848 • Marx Ideas - class struggle throughout history “the working men have no country” • Radical, revolutionary overthrow of gov • proletariat would reorganize means of production • classless society would emerge

  29. Marx cont. • Also wrote Das Kapital - critique on the capitalist economic model • spent the latter years of his life helping organize the International Working Men’s Association or “First International” • would fail in 1872, brought back 1889

  30. “La Belle Epoque” • Beautiful Era or Golden Age 1895-WWI • Peace in Europe • New technology and scientific discoveries • Economic prosperity World’s Fair Paris 1900

  31. 2nd IR • 2nd IR 1870-20th century • 1st IR - dominated by GB and focused on textiles, railroads, iron & coal • 2nd IR - Germany would lead the way focus on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil

  32. Advances Made • lightbulb, telephone, radio, internal combustion engine give way to car and plane, assembly line production • Rise in wages - europeans could spend more - consumer economy - department store, leisure spending

  33. European Economic Zones • Western Europe and N. Italy industrialized while areas S and E little industry • Set pattern for modern European economic model - affects seen in post WWII

  34. Increase In Industry on Continent = socialism • trade unions had been restricted across Europe until 1860s - had little impact helping workers • German Social Democratic Party (SPD) forms 1875 • Wilhelm Liebkecht & August Bebel • Marxist in rhetoric but organized politically • 1890 SPD 35 seats in Reichstag, 1912 largest party in Germany

  35. Evolution of Socialism • Bizmark tried to persecute and stop socialism in Germany but no luck • Socialist parties would emerge across Europe end of 19th c - in Russia 1898 • 1889 Second International - May Day (May 1)

  36. Revisionism • Challenge to orthodox Marxisism • Eduard Bernstein - influenced by moderate English socialism (Fabian Socialism) • Evolutionary Socialism - capitalism had not broke down • must continue to use democratic means not rev.

  37. Problems for Socialism • Nationalism - Marx underestimated difference of local issues and loyalty to state on eve of WWI • Trade Unions - slow to grow but by WWI 3-4 million Brits, 3 million in Germany - strikes and collective bargaining was working • As Marxism became less radical - drove some to anarchism - less ind and less democratic countries

  38. Age of Mass Politics

  39. How to deal w/ lower class? • Extension of voting rights, better standard of living as real wages increased • Achievements of science and tech had improved transportation and communication • Changing family dynamic, leisure time, recreation = mass society

  40. Women & Mass Politics • 1840s & 50s beginning of women’s rights • Liberal Millicent Fawcett - pushed for democratic means of reform • Emmeline Pankhurst & daughters (Christabel and Sylvia) Women’s Social & Political Union 1903 • radicals labeled “suffragettes” - chained to lampposts, egged officials, smashed windows of department stores

  41. Women’s Movement • 1913 Emily Davison martyred at Epsom Derby • Only Finland, Norway and few Am states granted women vote before 1914 • gain traction after WWI

  42. Jews & Mass Politics • Since Middle Ages had been quartered off in ghettos • By 1867 Jews granted citizenship across Europe • End of 19th C, Jews become scapegoat again • increase in anti-Semitism esp. Aus, Ger, Rus • Vienna mayor Karl Lueger blamed Jews for corruption of German Culture - Adolph Hitler • Russia - pogroms - massacre and forced migration of hundreds of thousands of Jews - calls for zionist movement

  43. Imperialism

  44. Old vs New • Old Imperialism - Result of Commercial Revolution 16th - 18th c • Trade routes - settlements - rule • New Imperialism - Result of Ind Rev 1870-1914 • cheap raw materials - markets for goods - exploit

  45. Causes • Nationalism - glorify state, divert attention from democratic reform • Racism - belief 1 race superior to another • Social Darwinism - survival of fittest • Religious - “white man’s burden” to civilize backwards cultures • Economic - tin, oil, rubber

  46. Enabling Forces • External & Internal forces allowed European conquest of Africa & Asia • External - weapons, railroads/steamships, cure for diseases • Internal - variety of cultures/languages, low tech., ethnic strife

  47. Scramble For Africa • Early 1800s GB had begun establishing control Cape Colony S. Africa • French Company completed Suez Canal 1869 • British take over occupation of Egypt 1882 • Belgians explore and claim Congo 1876 • French & Germans begin scramble

  48. Berlin Conference 1885 • European powers meet to set guidelines for partitioning of Africa • notify claims and prove could control area • treat Africans humanely - yeah right • British violate by chasing Dutch out of S. Africa - Boer War - significance - continental powers seek alliances

  49. Imperialism In 34 Years 1880 1914

  50. Asia • India - British dominated economic life through BEIC since 1600s “Jewel of the Crown” • Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 leads to direct control - Raj • SE Asia - dominated by France through local elites and economic dependence • 1880s - Union of Indochina - later Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

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