Since Grade ONE

1. Read Properly Alone Since Grade ONE Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

2. ENGLISH A GERMANIC LANGUAGE English is a West Germanic language related to Dutch, Frisian and German with a significant amount of vocabulary from French, Latin, Greek and many other languages. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

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4. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH English evolved from the Germanic languages brought to Britain by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other Germanic tribes, which are known collectively as Anglo-Saxon. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

5. ENGLISH PERIODS • Old English • Middle English • Early Modern English • Modern English Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

6. OLD ENGLISH The invaders' Germanic language displaced the indigenous Brythonic languages of what became England. The original Celtic languages remained in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. Old English began to appear in writing during the early 8th century AD. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

7. MIDDLE ENGLISH For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

8. EARLY MODERN ENGLISH Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by thespread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. The Great Vowel Shift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the 15th to 18th centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The change was not overnight; the GVS happened in eight steps. http://facweb.furman.edu/~mmenzer/gvs/what.htm Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

9. LOANWORDS Latin:cheese, kitchen, pepper, butter Greek: drama, metaphor, dilemma, cycle Celtic:slogan, whiskey Scandinavian:sky, scrub, skin, skill, skirt, score Spanish & Portuguese:cargo, negro, palmetto, cocoa, potato, tomato, margarita, siesta Italian:concerto, forte, crescendo, piano, incognito, mafioso, casino, macaroni, spaghetti, cartoon, replica Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

10. LOANWORDS (continued) French: prince, Duke, lieutenant, captain, army, soldier, letter, literature, music, male, fruit, question, étiquette, fiance’(e), liaison, laissez faire, savoir vivre, répertoire, vignette, tête-a-tête, coup d’état, police German: split, yacht, cookie, cranberry, hamburger Eastern Sources: amber, zenith, harem, caliber, carat, henna, jinn, giraffe, magazine, kohl, algebra, musk, taffeta, tiger, ginger, bamboo, geisha Other Sources: banana, voodoo, coffee, vodka Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

11. WHO SPEAKS ENGLISH? Approximately 341 million people speak English as a native anguage and a further 267 million speak it as a second anguage in over 104 countries including the UK, Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands and Denmark. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

12. PHONETICS THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE How do humans produce different sounds? (Oral Cavity) Kinds of English Sounds (Table of English Sounds) Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

13. Oral Cavity Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

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15. Schwa [ ə ] [euh] sound or Arabic “hamza” Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

16. Spelling vs. [Pronunciation] Psychology (ps--) [saykolədjy] Pneumonia (pn--) [nəmonia] Climbing, comb, lamb, bomb (--mb)  [klayming], [kom], [lèm], [bám] Calm, Palm (--l m) [kám] , [pám] Folk , Folktale (-- l k)  [fok] , [fokteyl] Vegetable [ve dj təbl] Comfortable [kámftəbl] Government (nm) [gavərmənt] Suggest, Suggestion [sagdjəst], [sagdjəstshən] People, Apple [pypəl], [ápəl] Sensual , Sensuality [sənshəwəl] , [sənshəwality] Nation, Nationality [neyshən], [nashənality] Social , Beautiful [soshəl] , [byurəfəl] Original but Originally [oridjinəl] but [oridjənly] Actually [aktshəly] Say but Says [sey] but [sèz] I Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

17. Spelling vs. [Pronunciation] (continued) • Determine but Mine [ditərmən] but [mayn] • Examine→ [əgzámin] • Seduce but Seduction [sidýous] but [sidakshən] • Appreciate [aprishiyeyt] • Result, Adult → [rizált] , [ədált] • World, Work, Word, War [wərld], [wərk], [wərd], [wor] • July, Major [djoulay] , [meydjər] • Children, Church [tshildrən], [tshərtsh] • Pleasure , Pleasurable bur Leisure [plejər] , [plejrəbl] / [lyjər] • Write/Written, Hide/Hidden  [rayt] / [ritən] , [hayd] /[hidən] • Teacher [tytshər] • Doctor, Dollars [daktər] , [dálərz] • Cat, Cup, Color: (c)  [k] [Kat] , [Kap] , [kalər] • Circus, Ceremony: (c)  [s] [sərkəs] , [sərəmony] • Gallery, Go, Gut: (g)  [g] [galəry] , [go] , [gat] • Giraffe, Generous: (g)  [dj] [djiraf] , [djənərəs] Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

18. (continued) • The + any letter EXCEPT (a/e/i/o/u) →[oﺫ] never [za] • Although , Thunder, Thumb→ [olﺫ o] , [thándər] , [thám] • Thank You [thánk] Never [sank] You • The +a pple/ e lephant/ i sland/ o range/ u mbrella→ [ﺫﻱ ] never [oﺫ] nor [zi] • The + eu ropean, u nited the+[you] (as 1st sound) [oﺫ] NOT [za] • Use the [yous] but I/you [youz] • Process but processes → [prósəs] but [prosəsyz] • Woman but women → [woumən] but [wymin] • Police , Policeman [polys] .[polysmən] • Symptom→ (--m p) [simtəm] • Wanted / Added / Promised / Grinned [wantid] , [ádid] , [promist] , [grind] • Battles, Flags / Groups, Mats Kisses, Churches,—> [bátəlz] , [flágz] / [groups] , [máts] / [kisəz] , [tshərtshəz] Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

19. VOICED & VOICELESS SOUNDS Past Tense of Regular Verbs (-ed)  [- id] , [-t] , or [-d] ? [-t] & [-d] + [-id] / Vd + [-d] / vl + [-t] Created , Needed / Proved / Fixed Plural Form of Nouns (-s)  [-z] or [-s] or [-əz] ? vd + [-z] / vl + [-s] / -ch, -sh, -ss, -x + [-əz] Boys, girls / cats, lin ks / classes, foxes Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

20. IMPORTANCE OF PHONETICS Spelling  Writing Pronunciation  Speaking Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

21. INTONATION • Stress (eg. Su’bject,/ to subje’ct, pro’ject / to proje’ct, orga’nic adu’lt) • Question OR Statement? (Rising OR Falling Tone?) (You are coming with us tonight) • Breathing Affects Meaning • Stop at Each End Mark (.) (!) (?) Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

22. INTONATION MAKES MEANING 1. Old men and women will be served first. 2. The lamb is too hot to eat. 3. They are moving sidewalks. 4. Mary left directions for Jack to follow. 5. Kissing girls is what John likes best. 6. John loves Richard more than Mary. 7. Women without men are nothing. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

23. FLUENCY VS. ACCURACY LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY Productive Skills WRITING Spelling, Fluency, Accuracy SPEAKING Pronunciation, Fluency, Accuracy Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

24. POOR PRONUNCIATION 1. Za boy playid foutbal wiz hiz brazar hwen hi tripd and fel on za flar. Hiz bryzing waz nyzar natshural nor kalm. Hiz sistar cold he’r mazar to fone za polis. Hiz frendz gazer around him bicoz zey ke’r. 2.za ge’rl waz kambing zi he’r of he’r dol and zan shi ryd a folekteyl. 3. Many pypol want to ripe’r ze’r carz and cut ze’r he’r. 4. Its not fe’r not to ke’r. 5. Jon iz nown to be a spashal and fortshunayt pe’rsOn. Actshuwaly, hi haz byn vary orijinal in dyling wiz wiman and shildran. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

25. PHONETICS ONLINE • The Sounds of Language http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/ • Studying Phonetics on the Net http://faculty.washington.edu/dillon/PhonResources/ • Cambridge English Online (British Council) http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/ Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com

26. When There Is a Will, You Already Know the Way  Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com