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SPECIES INTERACTIONS

SPECIES INTERACTIONS. ANNOUNCEMENTS. Exam 3 is Tues. Dec 11 th during lecture Practice Exam 3 will be posted on Wed. Exam Review will take place in class Thurs. Final Exam is Thurs. Dec 13 th , 1 – 3 PM Study material from previous hourly exams Apply what you know. Don’t memorize!.

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SPECIES INTERACTIONS

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  1. SPECIES INTERACTIONS

  2. ANNOUNCEMENTS • Exam 3 is Tues. Dec 11th during lecture • Practice Exam 3 will be posted on Wed. • Exam Review will take place in class Thurs. • Final Exam is Thurs. Dec 13th, 1 – 3 PM • Study material from previous hourly exams • Apply what you know. Don’t memorize!

  3. SPECIES INTERACTIONS Populations Do Not Exist in Isolation! • Populations are tightly linked to other populations that share the same habitat

  4. SPECIES INTERACTIONS Types of Interactions Between Species: • Neutral relationships • Commensalisms • Mutualism • Competition • Parasitism • Predation

  5. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMMENSALISM Commensalism:

  6. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISM Mutualism: • Obligatory Mutualism:

  7. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISM • Yucca Plant and Yucca Moth: • Plant only pollinated by yucca moth • Moth larva can only grow in yucca plant

  8. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: MUTALISM Mutualism between fish

  9. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Interspecific Competition: • Two outcomes:

  10. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Intraspecific Competition: Interspecific Competition:

  11. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competitive Exclusion:

  12. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION One Species Eats Seeds of One Size Range Number consumed Seed size

  13. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Complete Niche Overlap Species 1: Strong competitor Species 2: Weak competitor Number consumed Seed size

  14. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Coexistence:

  15. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Partial Niche Overlap: competition for seeds of intermediate size Species 2 Species 1 Number consumed Seed size

  16. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competition occurs when organisms compete for the same resources. These trees are competing for nitrogen and other nutrients.

  17. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competition occurs when individuals occupy space and prevent access to resources by other individuals. The space preempted by these barnacles is unavailable to competitors.

  18. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competition occurs when an organism grows over another, blocking access to resources. This large fern has overgrown other individuals and is shading them.

  19. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competition occurs when one species produces toxins that negatively affect another. Note how few plants are growing under these Salvia shrubs.

  20. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competition occurs when mobile organisms protect feeding or breeding territory. These red-winged blackbirds are displaying to each other at a territorial boundary.

  21. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION Competition occurs when organisms interfere with each other’s access to specific resources. Here, spotted hyenas and vultures fight over a kill.

  22. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM Parasitism:

  23. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM Deformed frog limbs due to parasitic infection by Trematodes Adult roundworms in the intestine of a pig

  24. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM Blood fluke in the intestine of a human 833 µm

  25. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM Social Parasites:

  26. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Predator – Prey Interactions: Predator: Prey:

  27. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Predators can regulate prey populations and/or reducethem below carrying capacity BABOON PREY POPULATION LEOPARD PREDATOR POPULATION

  28. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Canadian lynx & Snowshoe Hare

  29. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Co evolution of Predator and Prey Has Resulted in Incredible Adaptations:

  30. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Camouflage:

  31. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION PREY CAMOUFLAGE LEAST BITTERN LOOKS LIKE REEDS DESERT PLANT LOOKS LIKE ROCK CATERPILLAR LOOKS LIKE DROPPINGS

  32. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION PREY CAMOUFLAGE

  33. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Mimicry:

  34. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION MIMICRY INEDIBLE BUTTERFLY (LEFT) IS A MODEL FOR ITS EDIBLE MIMIC (RIGHT) STINGING YELLOWJACKET (LEFT) IS MODEL FOR NONSTINGING and EDIBLE INSECTS (RIGHT)

  35. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION MIMICRY

  36. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Warning Coloration: Poison Dart Frog

  37. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION Methods to Counter Prey Defense:

  38. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PREDATION PREDATOR RESPONSE: GRASSHOPPER MICE PLUNGECHEMICAL- SPRAYING END OF BEETLE INTO THE GROUND BEFORE EATING IT PRAYING MANTIS (PREDATOR) CAMOFLAGUED IN PLANT

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