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Is the Playing Field Leveling in Peru? The Evolution of Children’s Opportunities

Explore the evolving landscape of children's opportunities in Peru, analyzing trends in poverty, inequality, and access to critical services. Delve into the Human Opportunity Index and in-depth longitudinal data to uncover the nuances of inequality and opportunity distribution.

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Is the Playing Field Leveling in Peru? The Evolution of Children’s Opportunities

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  1. Is the Playing Field Leveling in Peru? The Evolution of Children’s Opportunities Javier Escobal, GRADE & Young Lives –Peru (and LCSPP/PREMPR – World Bank) Human Rights, Development and Economic Growth - Metrics, New Ways of Thinking, and New Strategies April 7-8, 2011, Elliott School, Washington, DC

  2. Outline Motivation: Recent trends in Poverty and Inequality The Human Opportunity Index Results based on Repeated Cross-Sections LSMS Some additional Results from a Longitudinal Sample Young Lives (Niños del Milenio) Access versus quality Multiple deprived children

  3. The Context: Recent trends in Poverty and Inequality

  4. The Context: Inequality • Some gaps are narrowing … but some gaps are expanding • Education (gap ↓) • Urban/Rural (gap ↑) • Large, Medium, small cities, rural towns, and disperse rural areas (gap ↑)

  5. In relation to Children Wellbeing

  6. The Context: Inequality in the access to basic services in Children • In addition to stunting and low weight at birth: • Acute Diarrhea (gap ↓) • Pre-natal checkups (gap ↓) • Delivery in a Health Institution (gap ↓) • Growth monitoring (gap ↓) • Full Immunization (gap ↑) • Acute respiratory Infections (gap ↑) • Access to identity card (gap ↑) • Anemia (gap ≈)

  7. Probability of Starting Primary School on Time (2009) • Rosa is one of five children of a single mother whose native language is Quechua and who received only one year of formal education during her own childhood. The household’s income falls in the bottom quartile among all Peruvian households. • Luis is the only child of high school-educated parents whose native tongue is Spanish. His household is among the top quarter in terms of income

  8. Inequality of Opportunity • The Human Opportunity Index (O) incorporates into a single composite indicator both overall access rates and the D-index measure of opportunity distribution. • The index combines average access to opportunities with how equitably those opportunities are distributed (D). The proposed index is given by

  9. Areas with big Improvements Finishing primary on time HOI (level) HOI (annual change)

  10. Areas were improvement is meager: Access to drinkable water HOI (level) HOI (annual change)

  11. Results from Repeated Cross-Sections: Education

  12. Relative importance of different circumstances in determining HOI for Education (2009)

  13. Finishing Primary on Time

  14. HOI related to Access to key Household Services

  15. Relative importance of different circumstances in determining HOI for Infrastructure (2009)

  16. Evidence from Longitudinal Data: Young Lives • Young Lives: An international study of childhood poverty 12,000 children in 4 countries over 15 years) Longitudinal project gathering comparable information in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam • In Peru YL is tracking a representative sample of Peruvian children from two cohorts: a younger cohort who were aged between 6 months and 18 months in 2002 (born 2000) and an older cohort of children aged between 7.5 years old and 8.5 years old in 2002 (born 1994) • Advantages from the point of view of studying Inequality of opportunities • A larger set of circumstances • A larger array of Child wellbeing indicators (opportunities) • Following the children through their life cycle. • Data in the Public Domain

  17. Evidence from Longitudinal Data: Young Lives • Taking advantage of a broader set of circumstances • at least for Peru, extending the basic sets of circumstances (i.e. urban/rural residence location; per capita household expenditure; gender; mother’s native language; educational attainment of the head of household and number of siblings) does not have an important effect on the HOI levels or their trends. Circumstances added: • altitude of the dwelling were the children lives and the distance to the health facilities (as indicators or remoteness) • mother’s marital status, • mother’s migration status and regions of residence (Costa, Sierra, Selva) • Basic circumstances were already capturing the bulk of the circumstance set. In particular mother’s native language; educational attainment and urban/rural location

  18. Evidence from Longitudinal Data: Young Lives

  19. YL: Changes in the Human Opportunity Index Within Urban and Rural Regions

  20. Coverage Rates for Children under Alternative Circumstances Young Lives - Younger Cohort

  21. For the Older Cohort

  22. Conditioning for first round opportunities in Round 2

  23. What happens when we look at individual trajectories?

  24. Basic and Extended Sets of Circumstances and Nutritional Trajectories between ages 5 and 8

  25. Early opportunities and increasing access to basic services

  26. One last Topic: Capturing differences in quality: the devil is in the details

  27. Thanks! YL data available at ESDS - UK http://www.ninosdelmilenio.org http://www.younglives.org.uk

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