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Circulation in the atmosphere

This lecture explores the general model of atmospheric circulation, including the basic nature of atmospheric motion on our rotating Earth. It discusses what regulates the motion of fluid particles in the ocean and atmosphere, the driving forces behind atmospheric circulation, and the role of heating by the sun. The lecture also covers air pressure, the Coriolis force, and the circulation patterns in different latitudes.

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Circulation in the atmosphere

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  1. Lecture 06 Circulation in the Atmosphere Circulation in the atmosphere

  2. Learning objects • Review the general model of atmospheric circulation • Explore the basic nature of atmospheric motion on our rotating Earth

  3. Newton’s Law What regulates the motion of fluid particles in the ocean and atmosphere?

  4. troposphere surface Higher Latitudes Equator/Tropics What drives the circulation of the atmosphere? Heating by the sun  AIR PRESSURE

  5. Vertical view of air pressure (global convection) High Pressure Low Pressure High Pressure

  6. Horizontal view of air pressure at ocean surface High Pressure + Higher Latitudes Surfaces of constant pressure y (latitude) x (longitude) _ Equator/Tropics Low Pressure

  7. Newton’s Law v y (latitude) x (longitude) u Motion across Latitudes Motion along Latitude

  8. Non rotating view of Atmospheric Circulation

  9. Hurricane IVAN H H L H H

  10. t3 t4 t2 t5 t1 Fpressure FCoriolis Rate of Rotation North Hemisphere Low Pressure B A High Pressure

  11. Newton’s Law v y (latitude) x (longitude) u Motion across Latitudes Motion along Latitude

  12. t3 t4 t2 t5 t1 Fpressure FCoriolis Rate of Rotation North Hemisphere A B High Pressure Low Pressure

  13. Newton’s Law v y (latitude) x (longitude) u Motion across Latitudes Motion along Latitude

  14. Fig.6-3

  15. Fpressure FCoriolis FCoriolis Fpressure Fpressure Fpressure FCoriolis FCoriolis When this balance is reached the movement of the particles (and therefore of the flow) is called geostrophic motion

  16. Newton’s Law v y (latitude) x (longitude) u Motion across Latitudes Motion along Latitude

  17. Some practical rules to remember: Fpressure Low Pressure High Pressure FCoriolis • Particle will have the Coriolis force 90 degrees to the right • Particles will tend to move along line of constant pressure • Particles will have the high pressure on their right (same as Coriolis)

  18. Hurricane IVAN H H L Fpressure H H FCoriolis

  19. Vortices in N.H. L H Fpressure FCoriolis FCoriolis Fpressure Low Pressure System High Pressure System

  20. Vertical view of the atmosphere Pole Equator

  21. Polar High L L Subpolar Low H H H Subtropical High L Eq. Low L L H H H L L

  22. Vertical view of the atmosphere and Poleward Transport of Heat Pole Equator

  23. Midlatitude Cyclones (N.H.)

  24. Poleward Heat Transport

  25. The seasonal cycle

  26. Differential Heating From Equators to Poles

  27. How the ocean responds to the atmospheric wind and how it contributes to the heat transport

  28. Important Concepts to remember: Redistribution of Heat Effects of Rotation The role of friction Conservation of angular momentum

  29. Schematic depiction of the development of the atmospheric circulation,starting from a state of rest Easterlies (Trades) Westerlies Redistribution of Heat – Large scale convective Cells

  30. Rotation effects, the Coriolis Force

  31. Some practical rules to remember: Fpressure Low Pressure High Pressure FCoriolis • Particle will have the Coriolis force 90 degrees to the right • Particles will tend to move along line of constant pressure • Particles will have the high pressure on their right (same as Coriolis)

  32. Schematic depiction of the development of the atmospheric circulation,starting from a state of rest Easterlies (Trades) Westerlies

  33. Problem? Circulation in the atmosphere

  34. Role of Friction

  35. Schematic depiction of the development of the atmospheric circulation,starting from a state of rest Easterlies (Trades) Westerlies

  36. Diagram of Atmospheric Circulation Circulation in the atmosphere

  37. Vertical view of the atmosphere and Poleward Transport of Heat Hadley Cell Ferrel Cell Polar Cell Pole Equator

  38. Role of Friction on synoptic scales

  39. Vortices L H Fpressure FCoriolis FCoriolis Fpressure Low Pressure System High Pressure System

  40. Hurricane IVAN H H L Fpressure H H FCoriolis

  41. Rotation effects are not always important

  42. Land-Sea Breeze

  43. Moonsoons, a continental scale land-sea breeze

  44. Review of Conservation of angular momentum (a second look) The Atmopsheric Circulation (a view from space and from NWS models) A closer look at Huricanes, their formation and the oceanic response Zonal average circulation Radiative Budget

  45. Schematic depiction of the development of the atmospheric circulation,starting from a state of rest Easterlies (Trades) Westerlies

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