DNA: Organelles and their Functions

1. DNA

2. Name the organelle and give its function. Animal Plant Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA) Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell Ribosome: site where proteins are made Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Golgi Body Ribosome

3. What is located in the nucleus? What type of organic compound is DNA? What is the monomer of DNA?

4. What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code.

5. The History of Heredity Why am I so gorgeous?

6. Gregor Mendel • Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation. But, I haven’t figured out how this happens

7. DNA What was this substance called?

8. Rosalind Franklin &Maurice Wilkins • Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

9. Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously. Watson and Crick

10. Erwin Chargaff • Chargoff discovered that DNA contains the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. T T T G G G G A A A C CC C

11. DNA is a Nucleic Acid • What is a nucleic acid? • Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

12. Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P Are made up of nucleotide monomers Double helix shape Store genetic information Help make proteins Examples: DNA & RNA nitrogen base sugar phosphate

13. 3. 1. 2. 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base 1. Phosphate Group 3. 1. O 2. H3 C O O O P C C H2 C O O C N H H C H H C N C H C C H O H O H O A NUCLEOTIDE 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar(Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Nucleotides, too

14. G A N base T C Nucleotides • There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Adenine Purines Guanine Thymine Pyrimidines Cytosine

15. Adenine always bonds with thymine. A = T Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. G  C Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules T A The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds C G

16. Pairing DNA Nucleotides • What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing? • What is the base pairing rule? • What is a nucleotide? P N-b Nucleotide S C G Rule A A to T A G C to T G

17. 5’End 3’End 3’End 5’End DNA DOUBLE HELIX ladder shaped molecule

18. Purpose of DNA • Why do we have DNA? • For what does it code? • What actually makes you look the way you do?

19. Remember that the monomer for proteins is amino acids!

20. DNA Codes for Amino Acids • The nitrogen bases in DNA code for amino acids. • A triplet of nitrogen bases codes for one amino acid. • The triplet is called a codon.

21. DNA must have a “helper” molecule. RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides nitrogen base sugar phosphate What is RNA?

22. B A C RNA Nucleotides • A - Sugar (ribose) • B - Phosphate • C - Nitrogen base nitrogen base sugar phosphate Name the parts of the nucleotide.

23. Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs with Uracil Rules for Base Pairing C = G A = U Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)

24. C = G A = U Rules for Base Pairing 3’ DNA strand C G A U G C T A RNA strand 5’ DNA strand

25. Carries DNA’s message code Helps make protein Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) What is the function of RNA?

26. RNA • Identify the parts of the RNA strand. Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) Phosphate Group

27. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √ √

28. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √

29. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √

30. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √ √ √