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MINERALS

MINERALS. What are minerals used for?. Have you ever put salt on your food? Chromoly bicycle frames Jewelry (silver, gold, precious stones) Computer chips Pencil lead Cars Limitless benefits to the human race!!!!!. What is a mineral?.

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MINERALS

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  1. MINERALS

  2. What are minerals used for? • Have you ever put salt on your food? • Chromoly bicycle frames • Jewelry (silver, gold, precious stones) • Computer chips • Pencil lead • Cars • Limitless benefits to the human race!!!!!

  3. What is a mineral? • Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite structure or composition.

  4. How many minerals are there on Earth? • Approximately 4000 common. • They all share five things.

  5. Five common characteristics • 1. All are formed by natural processes. • 2. Minerals are inorganic. • 3. All minerals are solids. • 4. Every mineral is an element or compound with a chemical composition unique to that mineral. • 5. The atoms in a mineral are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over again.

  6. The Structure of Minerals • A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns. • Example: grains of salt

  7. 1. Cubic 2. Tetragonal 3. Hexagonal 4. Orthorhombic 5. Monoclinic 6. Triclinic Crystal Systems

  8. How Minerals Form • 1. From the cooling of magma. • 2. From minerals dissolved in liquids liquid evaporates, the atoms in the minerals stay behind and form crystals. • 3. If a solution becomes saturated and filed with another substance, crystals of some minerals, will begin precipitating out of solution.

  9. 2 Main Groups of Minerals • 1. Silicate Minerals • 2. Nonsilicate Minerals

  10. Silicate Minerals • Contain atoms of silicon and oxygen. • Most common silicate minerals are called feldspars. • Silicate minerals make up 96% of the Earth’s crust.

  11. Nonsilicate Minerals • Minerals that do not contain silicon and oxygen • Based on their chemical composition, nonsilicate minerals are classified into six major groups. • These groups are carbonates, halides, native elements, oxides, sulfates, and sulfides.

  12. 1. Carbonates • Compounds that contain a carbonate group. • Example: Calcite

  13. 2. Halides • Cmpds that consist of chlorine and fluorine combined with sodium, potassium, and calcium. • Example: Halite

  14. 3. Native Elements • Elements uncombined with other elements. • Example: Copper

  15. 4. Oxides • Cmpds that contain oxygen and an element other than silicon. • Example: Corundum

  16. 5. Sulfates • Cmpds that contain a phosphate group • Example: Gypsum

  17. 6. Sulfides • Cmpds that consist of one or more elements combined with sulfur. • Example: Pyrite

  18. Note: All minerals in the Earth’s crust have a crystalline structure.

  19. Mineral Identification • Individual minerals have unique properties. • These properties help us tell the difference between minerals. • Minerals have 7 different characteristics

  20. 1. Color • Means exactly what it sounds like color. • Can be unreliable, for example, fools gold: pyrite can easily be mistaken for gold.

  21. Azurite is deep blue.

  22. Sulfur is bright yellow

  23. Mr. Draa’s favorite mineral. • Malachite • Green like nothing else on Earth

  24. 2. Luster • Light reflected from the surface of a mineral. • Minerals that reflect light like a pollished metal are said to have a metallic luster. • All others are considered nonmetallic.

  25. Metallic or Nonmetallic?

  26. Galena has a metallic luster.

  27. 3. Streak • The color of a mineral in its powdered form. • Example: We looked at sulfur, what color would the streak be? • Yellow

  28. 4. Cleavage and fracture. • Related to the types in the internal structure of a mineral. • Minerals that break along smooth flat surfaces have cleavage. • Minerals that break with rough or jagged edges have fracture.

  29. Fracture or Cleavage?

  30. Cleavage! • Selenite breaks along smooth, flat surfaces.

  31. 5. Hardness • The ability to resist scratching. • Mohs Hardness Scale • Developed in 1822 by a German mineralogist name Friedrich Mohs

  32. 6. Crystal Shape • Mineral crystals will form in one of six basic shapes.

  33. 7. Density • Density of a mineral depends on the kind of atoms it contains and how closely they are packed together. • Formula for calculating density: D=m/v

  34. Special Properties of Minerals • Magnetism • Fluorescence and phosphorescence: glowing minerals under a UV light/black light • Double refraction • Radioactivity

  35. Fluorescence, under black light.

  36. Fluorescence: Agrellite

  37. Magnetite • Displays the property of magnetism

  38. Mineral Slide Show

  39. Amethyst

  40. Amethyst crystals

  41. Fluorite

  42. Malachite

  43. Obsidian

  44. Olivine

  45. Quartz

  46. Alabaster

  47. Aragonite

  48. Bismuth

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