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CTC-275 Construction Methods

CTC-275 Construction Methods. Intro & Earthwork. Get SUNYIT email account. Many different ways to build same building How many ways can you build a ham and cheese sandwich? Types of ham, bread, cheese, toppings. Construction methods change when Materials change Why thatch roofs?

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CTC-275 Construction Methods

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  1. CTC-275 Construction Methods Intro & Earthwork

  2. Get SUNYIT email account

  3. Many different ways to build same building • How many ways can you build a ham and cheese sandwich? • Types of ham, bread, cheese, toppings

  4. Construction methods change when • Materials change • Why thatch roofs? • Why teepees and long houses? • How important where nails to building • Equipment changes • Horses to steam engines to today • Erie Canal was dug with shovels and rock sleds • Steam engines were stationary with belts going from pulleys to the engine

  5. House Construction • What materials can be used to build a house and what equipment is required • Wood – hammers, saws, drills, squares • Can also use engineered wood • What has happened to lumber in last 100 years? • Concrete – either cast in place, precast, or shotcrete • Can be above ground or below • Steel • Stone • Brick • Adobe – only need forms • Haybales

  6. House Construction • Wooden houses can be constructed using three methods • 1. Balloon Framing • 2. Platform Frame • 3. Modular – assembly line

  7. Questions • What made skyscrapers possible? • How old is concrete and who first used it • How old are nails?

  8. Construction Order • There is an order to all projects • What activities get done first • What activities need to be done in a specific order • What activities can be done at any point in time

  9. Construction Order • Above ground Swimming pools • Remove topsoil & level area 3’ larger that pool diameter • Rake soil to remove rocks and roots • Layout bottom track • Dump sand inside pool area • Level track • Layout wall parts • Roll wall and put on J channel and top rail • Bolt wall, attach skimmer

  10. Construction Order • Swimming pools • Spread sand inside pool wall – rake & tamp • Attach wall uprights • Attach liner to J channel • Use vacuum to suck liner to wall • Plumb sand filter & pump together w/ skimmer & return line • Attach top coping • Add water • Cut out skimmer and return

  11. Construction Order • Buildings: • Clear site • Foundation work • Framing & Siding • Roofing • Windows and Doors • Siding • Electrical - rough • Plumbing - rough • Insulation • Wall finishes

  12. Construction Order • Buildings: • Foundation slab • HVAC • Ceilings • Electrical – finish • Plumbing – finish • Paint/wall coverings • Flooring • Landscaping • Pavement

  13. Construction Order • How far along do you need to be before starting next activity? • On a house – probably one at a time • On a 1 floor bldg – probably 1 activity at a time but depends on size • Skyscraper – 1 activity per floor

  14. Construction Order • Highways • Centerline survey • Clearing • Bridge work • Centerline survey • Earthwork to get to bottom of subbase elevation • Centerline survey • Subbase placement • Centerline survey • Base placement

  15. Construction Order • Highways • Centerline survey • Drainage • Utilities (lights etc) • Pavement base course • Pavement wearing course • Side slope grading • Guard rail • Lights and signs • Pavement Markings

  16. Construction Order • Move from one end of project to the other with each activity • Have multiple activities happening at any time • Surveying is a full time activity

  17. Start at beginning • Earthwork • Moving rock or soil from one location to another • Processing it to meet location, elevation, density moisture content, etc • Efficient earthwork requires: accurate estimating of work quantities and conditions, proper equipment, competent job mangement

  18. Equip Selection • Proper equipment has major impact on efficiency and profitablility • Can equipment perform required work • Also look at profitablility, other uses for equipment, return on investment, availability of parts and services, effect of downtime on other construction equip

  19. Equipment planning • Need to plan to effectively use equipment • Production of equipment • Production = Volume per cycle/cycles per hour • Cycles per hour is based on efficiency of equip • Swing angle and elevation to truck bed • Soil hardness and Soil type • Room to manuever

  20. Equipment planning • Cost per production unit = equip cost per working hour/equip production per hour • Table 2-1 show efficiencies

  21. Soil And Rock • General Soil Characteristics • Trafficability – ability of soil to support weight of vehicles under repeated traffic • Controls traffic on unimproved access roads • Also gives measure of how earthmoving equip will operate • Primarily function of moisture conditions and soil type • Loadability – how difficult to excavate and haul a soil • Granular – high • Compact cohesive - low

  22. Soil And Rock • Unit Soil Weight • Pounds /cy • Depends on soil type, moisture content, degree of compaction • Relation between soil weight and bearing capacity • So soil weight is used as a measure of compaction • Soil weight is also a factor in hauling

  23. Soil And Rock • Moisture Content(%) = (moist wt – dry wt)/dry wt X 100 • Soil sample 120# • Dry weight 100# • MC = (120-100)/100X100 = 20%

  24. Soil ID • Boulders • Cobbles – over 3” diameter • Gravel 1/4” – 3” diameter • Sand 0.7mm (200 sieve) – ¼” diameter • Silt 0.002 – 0.7 mm • Clay less than 0.002mm • Organic Matter decaying organic matter • Soils classified using these types

  25. Soil Classification Systems • Unified System • All material 3’’+ removed • Separates soils into two main groups- Fine grained and coarse grained • Table 2-2, Figure 2-1 • AASHTO System • 7 classes of soil • Based on suitability of soil for subgrade • Table 2-3 • Table 2-4

  26. Soil Volume Change Characteristics • Soil Conditions • Bank – material in natural state before disturbance – Bank cubic yard • Loose – material that has been excavated or loaded loose cubic yard • Compacted – material after compaction compacted cubic yard

  27. Soil Volume Change Characteristics • Swell • Soil increases in volume when it is excavated • Soil grains are loosened and air fills voids • So 1 unit of soil in bank is smaller than the soil once it is excavated • Swell(%) = ((weight/bank vol)/(weight/loose vol)-1)X100 • Soil wt = 2800#/cy in bank • Soil wt = 2000#/cy loose • Swell = ((2800/2000)-1)X100 = 40%

  28. Soil Volume Change Characteristics • Shrinkage • Soil decreases in volume when it is compacted • Air is forced out of soil • So 1 unit of soil compacted is smaller than the soil in the bank or once it is excavated • Shrinkage(%) = (1-(weight/bank vol)/(weight/compacted vol))X100 • Soil wt = 2800#/cy in bank • Soil wt = 3500#/cy compacted • Shrinkage = (1-(2800/3500))X100 = 20%

  29. Soil Volume Change Characteristics • Load and Shrinkage Factors • Need a common unit of measure for earthwork (get rid of calculations ) • Can use any of the three measures • Called pay measure in contract • Load factor = 1/(1+swell) • How many BCY can fit on a truck • LCY *Load Factor = BCY • Shrinkage factor = 1- shrinkage • How many BCY needed for CCY • BCY * Shrinkage factor = CCY

  30. Soil Volume Change Characteristics • How many 10cy truck loads of soil = 1000CCY ? • Swell = 30% • Shrinkage = 25% • BCY = CCY/(1-shrinkage) • LCY = BCY*(1+Swell) • LCY = CCY/(1-shrinkage)*(1+swell) • LCY = 1000/(0.75)*1.30 = 1735 LCY • Truck loads = LCY/10 = 174 truck loads

  31. Spoil Banks • Material removed from excavation • Longer than wide – spoil bank – triangular x section • Conical – spoil pile • To determine the size of the bank or pile need swell and angle of repose for soil • Angle of repose = angle that soil on side of bank naturally form • Varies with moisture content and type • Table 2-6

  32. Spoil Banks • Spoil bank • Vol = X sect area x length • B = (4V/(lx tan R))^1.2 • H = (B x tan R)/2 • B – base width • H height • L length • R angle of repose • V volume

  33. Spoil Banks • Spoil pile • Vol = 1/3 p(D/2)^2 X H • D = (7.64V/tan R)^1/3 • H = D/2 x tan R • D – diameter of base • H height • R angle of repose • V volume

  34. How long would a spoil bank for 40000 cy be if it was 100’ wide? Angle of repose = 30 deg • How high can a spoil pile 50’ in diameter be if the angle of repose = 35 deg? • How many cy can it hold?

  35. Estimating earthwork • 3 types of excavations • Small pit • Trench • Large areas • Roadways • Find cut and fill using cross sections • Mass diagram

  36. Roadways

  37. Estimating earthwork • Pit Excavations • Area X average depth • Depending on size and ground may break into several geometric shapes to get volume • Give bank volume

  38. Estimating earthwork • Trench Excavations • V = x sectional area X length • Take x sections every 50 feet and compute volumes between x sections • When estimating don’t forget the angle of repose and OSHA

  39. Estimating earthwork • Large Areas • Use a grid to find volume • V = A*(average depth) • For a rectangle • V = (LxW)(h1+h2+h3+h4)/4(1/27) cy

  40. Estimating earthwork

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