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Learning Processes

Explore classical and operant conditioning in learning with a focus on behavioral changes influenced by stimuli and responses. Learn through examples and comparisons of conditioning techniques like Pavlov's dogs and Skinner's operant conditioning. Discover the basics and applications of learning theory.

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Learning Processes

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  1. Learning Processes • Behaviorism • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning

  2. Adaptation to the Environment • Learning - any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time

  3. Behaviorism • The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses • John B. Watson (1913) • B.F. Skinner (1938)

  4. What’s this about LEARNING? Classical Conditioning

  5. Pavlov’s Dogs • Digestive reflexes and salivation • Psychic secretion

  6. NEUTRAL STIMULUS NO REACTION will elicit UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a NEUTRAL STIMULUS CONDITIONED RESPONSE CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS Classical Conditioning

  7. Neutral Stimulus--Bell • Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself • A bell ringing • A color • A furry object

  8. Unconditioned Stimulus--Food Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response Food Blast of air Noise

  9. Unconditioned Response--Salivation • A response to an unconditioned stimulus--naturally occurring • Salivation at smell of food • Eye blinks at blast of air • Startle reaction in babies

  10. Conditioned Stimulus--Bell • The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus • Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself

  11. Conditioned Response • The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus

  12. Learning Experience Stimulus A (The word ball) Stimulus B (Sight of a ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) After Learning Stimulus A (The word ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Conditioning Procedure Neutral stimulus (Bell) Unconditioned response (Salivation) Unconditioned stimulus (Food) After Conditioning Conditioned stimulus (Bell) Conditioned response (Salivation) Classical Conditioning vs. Association by Contiguity

  13. Classical Conditioning Phenomenon • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery • Generalization • Discrimination training

  14. John B. Watson and Little Albert • Conditioned emotional responses • Generalization • Extinction

  15. Conditioned Drug Reactions • Opposite the drug effect

  16. First Trial in Box After Many Trials in Box Scratch at bars Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Push at ceiling Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Dig at floor Dig at floor Howl Howl Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc. Press lever Press lever Early Operant Conditioning • E.L. Thorndike (1898) • Puzzle boxes and cats

  17. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning • Did not like the term “satisfying” • Invented a better appartus--the Skinner box

  18. Operant Conditioning Terms • Shaping • Consequences • positive and negative reinforcement • positive and negative punishment

  19. Reinforcement Schedules • Continuous: 1 to 1 ratio, a prize every time • Ratio • fixed: 1 to ?, a prize every ? time • variable: ? to ?, maybe a prize, maybe not! • Interval • fixed: announced examination • variable: pop quiz

  20. CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

  21. The Basic Concepts of Learning Theory • Classical conditioning • elicits response as a result of associating • unconditioned stimulus • neutral stimulus • Operant conditioning • emitted response • learning is a result of consequences • reinforcers • punishment

  22. Observational Learning • Specific skills and general behavioral styles • Bandura’s cognitive theory

  23. The Ecological Perspective Alternative to general-process perspective Learning what to eat

  24. Alternative Perspective Role of environment Components of learning

  25. Learning What to Eat Food-aversion learning Food-preference learning Food-selection experiment with human infants Social learning and food selection Summary of rules

  26. Food-Aversion Learning Classical conditioning or not?

  27. Food-Preference Learning Experiments with rats and thiamin

  28. Food Selection Experiment Infants’ ability to choose a nutritionally balanced meal

  29. Summary of Rules When possible, eat what your elders eat. When you eat a new food, remember its taste and smell

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