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Learning Processes

Learning Processes. Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning. Adaptation to the Environment. Learning - any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time. Behaviorism.

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Learning Processes

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  1. Learning Processes • Behaviorism • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning

  2. Adaptation to the Environment • Learning - any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time

  3. Behaviorism • The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses • John B. Watson (1913) • B.F. Skinner (1938)

  4. What’s this about LEARNING? Classical Conditioning

  5. Pavlov’s Dogs • Digestive reflexes and salivation • Psychic secretion

  6. NEUTRAL STIMULUS NO REACTION will elicit UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a NEUTRAL STIMULUS CONDITIONED RESPONSE CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS Classical Conditioning

  7. Neutral Stimulus--Bell • Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself • A bell ringing • A color • A furry object

  8. Unconditioned Stimulus--Food Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response Food Blast of air Noise

  9. Unconditioned Response--Salivation • A response to an unconditioned stimulus--naturally occurring • Salivation at smell of food • Eye blinks at blast of air • Startle reaction in babies

  10. Conditioned Stimulus--Bell • The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus • Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself

  11. Conditioned Response • The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus

  12. Learning Experience Stimulus A (The word ball) Stimulus B (Sight of a ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) After Learning Stimulus A (The word ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Conditioning Procedure Neutral stimulus (Bell) Unconditioned response (Salivation) Unconditioned stimulus (Food) After Conditioning Conditioned stimulus (Bell) Conditioned response (Salivation) Classical Conditioning vs. Association by Contiguity

  13. Classical Conditioning Phenomenon • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery • Generalization • Discrimination training

  14. John B. Watson and Little Albert • Conditioned emotional responses • Generalization • Extinction

  15. Conditioned Drug Reactions • Opposite the drug effect

  16. First Trial in Box After Many Trials in Box Scratch at bars Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Push at ceiling Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Dig at floor Dig at floor Howl Howl Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc. Press lever Press lever Early Operant Conditioning • E.L. Thorndike (1898) • Puzzle boxes and cats

  17. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning • Did not like the term “satisfying” • Invented a better appartus--the Skinner box

  18. Operant Conditioning Terms • Shaping • Consequences • positive and negative reinforcement • positive and negative punishment

  19. Reinforcement Schedules • Continuous: 1 to 1 ratio, a prize every time • Ratio • fixed: 1 to ?, a prize every ? time • variable: ? to ?, maybe a prize, maybe not! • Interval • fixed: announced examination • variable: pop quiz

  20. CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

  21. The Basic Concepts of Learning Theory • Classical conditioning • elicits response as a result of associating • unconditioned stimulus • neutral stimulus • Operant conditioning • emitted response • learning is a result of consequences • reinforcers • punishment

  22. Observational Learning • Specific skills and general behavioral styles • Bandura’s cognitive theory

  23. The Ecological Perspective Alternative to general-process perspective Learning what to eat

  24. Alternative Perspective Role of environment Components of learning

  25. Learning What to Eat Food-aversion learning Food-preference learning Food-selection experiment with human infants Social learning and food selection Summary of rules

  26. Food-Aversion Learning Classical conditioning or not?

  27. Food-Preference Learning Experiments with rats and thiamin

  28. Food Selection Experiment Infants’ ability to choose a nutritionally balanced meal

  29. Summary of Rules When possible, eat what your elders eat. When you eat a new food, remember its taste and smell

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