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Operational Factors

This study analyzes operational factors leading to a bounced landing, with a focus on flight crew performance and post-accident actions by Executive Airlines. Factors such as skip during landing, recovery techniques, and lack of formal guidance are discussed.

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Operational Factors

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  1. Operational Factors • Flight crew performance • Bounced landing recovery guidance • Executive Airlines’ postaccident actions • Operational factors not causal to the accident

  2. Accident Sequence • First officer flying during initial skip • Captain took over flight controls • Two bounces • Final touchdown • Weather and runway conditions within capabilities of airplane and flight crew

  3. First Officer Hire date March 2004 Experience 20 hours Flight Crew Experience

  4. Flight Crew PerformanceFirst Officer • Initiated approach • Received verbal instructions from captain • Crossed runway threshold within airspeed limits • Executed normal flare • Touched down and skipped

  5. Flight Crew PerformanceCaptain • Designated pilot-in-command • Monitor first officer’s performance • Ensure safe conduct of flight

  6. Flight Crew PerformanceCaptain • Took over flight controls after skip • Made inappropriate pitch and power changes • Failed to execute a go-around

  7. Skip or Bounce During Landing • Not unusual • Typically caused by excessive airspeed or back pressure on the control wheel during the flare

  8. Skip or Bounce Recovery Techniques • Make minor flight control inputs and/or slight power adjustments • Add power and adjust pitch • Go around

  9. Executive Airlines’ Bounced Landing Recovery Guidance • No guidance provided on bounced landing recovery techniques during pilot training • No formal guidance on bounced landing recovery

  10. Executive Airlines’ Postaccident Actions Incorporated bounced landing recovery guidance in its airplane operating manual

  11. Summary • Captain did not apply proper pitch and power corrections • Captain did not execute a go-around • Executive Airlines did not have formal bounced landing recovery guidance

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