Joe Fazio BE REU @ SLU Dr. Shelley D. Minteer Kyle Sj ö holm SLU Department of Chemistry

1. Joe Fazio BE REU @ SLUDr. Shelley D. Minteer Kyle Sjöholm SLU Department of Chemistry Enzymatic Glucose Biofuel Cell: Concentration Studies and Biocompatibility

2. Enzymatic Biofuel cell: Enzymes Power biomedical devices High power and current density Incomplete oxidation Background www.nano-biokit.com

3. Reaction at anode produces protons Electrons create current Protons diffuse to cathode Protons at cathode react with oxygen Biofuel Cell Process

4. Commonly used to reduce overpotential Facilitates ion transfer to electrode 2e- Mediated Electron Transfer (MET) Electrocatalyst Glucose NADH Gluconolactone NAD+ 060 Toray Paper Electrode Glucose Dehydrogenase Entrapped in Polymer

5. Immobilize enzymes Extend functional lifetime Microencapsulation: Support enzyme structure Neutral pH Micellar environment Geometry Ion exchange properties Modified Polymers Polymer encapsulation

6. Power Densities Hypoglycemic (3mM) Normal (5mM) Hyperglycemic (8mM) Biocompatibility Bulk electrolysis Live/dead assay Biofilm formation Project Goals

7. Basic Components Anode: 060 Toray Paper electrodes Fuel: Glucose Enzyme: Glucose Dehydrogenase Cofactor: NAD+ Electrocatalyst: Poly(methylene green) (PMG) Modified polymer: Nafion® Chitosan

8. Polymer modification Nafion®: Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) Chitosan Hydrophobic Deacylation Co-cast polymer and enzyme onto electrode Soak electrodes in solution of glucose overnight Electrode Preparation Chitosan http://www.global-b2b-network.com/

9. Experimental Set-up • 3, 5, 8mM glucose fuel • NAD+, pH 7.4 phosphate buffer • Open circuit potential (~1000secs) • Linear sweep voltammetry (<1mV/sec) • Power density equation • P=I*V Diagram of Icell

10. Deacylated Chitosan Chitosan Nafion Power Density Test Results *errors are equal to one standard deviation

11. Biocompatibility, Bulk Electrolysis • Decreasing current • Possible biofilm formation Testing • Bacteria culture injected • Hold fuel cell at 0.3V and monitor current (3 days)

12. Biocompatibility, Live/dead Assay Live/Dead assay • Cast polymer with bacteria • Gluconobacter SP33 • Origami C4-AW genetically modified E. Coli • Fluorescent nucleic acid stains • FITC filter- live bacteria • TRITC filter- dead bacteria

13. Live/Dead Assay • Assay showed biocompatibility for all polymers. • FITC filter Chitosan E. coli Deacylated chitosan Gluconobacter Nafion® E. coli Nafion® Gluconobacter TRITC filter image • Olympus IX71 fluorescence microscope

14. Conclusions • Chitosan and Nafion® can immobilize GDH • Chitosan provides higher power and current densities • Chitosan and Nafion® provide biocompatible surface material

15. Future work • Temperature and pH studies • Biocompatible modifications • Impact on current densities

16. Acknowledgements • National Science Foundation • Saint Louis University • Dr. Minteer • Minteer group • Kyle Sjöholm • Dr. Waheed • Rob Arechederra

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