Intro Review Topics

1. Intro Review Topics • Important People to Know • John Locke • Rene Descartes • Hippocrates • Wilhelm Wundt • William James • Sigmund Freud • Terms/Ideas • psychology • phrenology • structuralism • introspection • functionalism • psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory • unconscious • behaviorism • humanistic psychology • cognitive psychology • social psychology • nature vs. nurture • psychology vs. psychiatry

2. Methods Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • random assignment • reliability • validity (internal & external) • demand characteristics • placebo effect • double-blind design • Descriptive statistics • measures of central tendency • measures of variability • Inferential statistics • statistical significance • meta-analysis • 4 ethical principles! • Terms/Ideas • hypothesis • theory • operational definition • population • sample (random sampling) • Descriptive research • case study • surveys • naturalistic observation • Correlational research • correlation coefficient (r) • direction and size of correlations • drawbacks? • Experimental research • independent & dependent variables • experimental & control conditions • confounds

3. Neurobio Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • agonists & antagonists • Nervous system • central and peripheral • PNS = Skeletal and autonomic • ANS = sympathetic and parasympathetic • Endocrine system • hormones • pituitary gland • Mapping Brain Functions • EEG • CT scan • PET scan • MRI & fMRI • Terms/Ideas • glial cells • Neuron • cell body/soma • nucleus • dendrites • axon • myelin sheath • terminal buttons/terminal branches • resting potential • action potential • threshold (“all or none law”) • synapse/synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters • See handout! • reuptake

4. Neurobio Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Forebrain, cont. • cerebral cortex • frontal lobe • parietal lobe • temporal lobe • occipital lobe • corpus callosum • plasticity • Important People to Know • Phineas Gage • H.M. • Terms/Ideas • Hindbrain • medulla • pons • reticular formation • cerebellum • Midbrain • thalamus • Forebrain • limbic system • hippocampus • hypothalamus • amygdala

5. S&P Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Visual Sensation & Perception, cont. • cues to depth perception (monocular vs. binocular) • motion perception • phi phenomenon • change blindness • Stroop task • Auditory Sensation & Perception • Types of hearing loss • parts of the ear • pitch theories (place theory, frequency theory) • cocktail party effect • gate-control theory of pain • synesthesia • Terms/Ideas • sensation vs. perception • bottom-up & top-down processing • absolute threshold • just-noticeable difference (JND) • Weber’s Law • priming • sensory adaptation • Transduction • Gestalt- • Visual Sensation & Perception • parts of the eye • theories of color vision • trichromatic theory • opponent-process theory (afterimages) • feature detector neurons

6. Consciousness Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Sleep, cont. • sleep disorders • insomnia • narcolepsy (hypocretin) • sleep apnea • night terrors • Hypnosis • Hilgard-dissociation • Role playing • Psychoactive drugs • addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal • 3 classes: • depressants • stimulants • hallucinogens • Terms/Ideas • consciousness (normal/waking vs. altered states) • Sleep • circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin) • stages of sleep-REM/REM REBOUND • brain wave activity • Why do we sleep? • Why do we dream? • Freud (manifest vs. latent content) • activation-synthesis theory • memory consolidation

7. Behaviorism Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Operant conditioning • Law of Effect • shaping • positive & negative reinforcement • 4 schedules of partial reinforcement: • fixed ratio • variable ratio • fixed interval • variable interval • positive & negative punishment • Other types of learning besides conditioning • latent learning • insight learning • social/observational learning (modeling) • mirror neurons • Terms/Ideas • Classical conditioning • 4 aspects: • unconditioned stimulus (US) • conditioned stimulus (CS) • unconditioned response (UR) • conditioned response (CR) • acquisition • extinction • reacquisition • spontaneous recovery • stimulus discrimination • stimulus generalization • biological preparedness • taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling study) • systematic desensitization

8. Behaviorism Review Topics • Important People to Know • Ivan Pavlov • John Watson • Edward Thorndike • BF Skinner • Wolfgang Kohler • Albert Bandura • Robert Rescorala • EC Toleman

9. Classical Conditioning Examples#1 Find the UCS/UCR/CS/CR in the next five examples • 1. A college guy spends a summer going down to the football field every day, scattering birdseed all over the field while blowing a whistle, then walking off. • Fall arrives, and the school’s first home game starts. The referee walks out and blows his whistle - and the game has to be delayed half an hour to remove the birds who flocked when they heard the sound of the whistle.

10. Classical Conditioning #2 • 4. While crossing an intersection, you are nearly run down by a car. The next time you approach that intersection, you find yourself feeling nervous (e.g. palms sweating, heart racing, etc.)

11. Memory Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Memory, cont. • retrograde & anterograde amnesia • long-term potentiation • flashbulb memories • memory interference (proactive & retroactive) • repression • mnemonic devices • Hippocampus • Terms/Ideas • Memory • 3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) • Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memory • sensory memory  short-term (working) memory  long-term memory • rehearsal • chunking • levels/depth of processing • primacy & recency effects • types of memories • explicit vs. implicit • episodic, semantic

12. Thinking and Language Review Topics • Important People to Know • Hermann Ebbinghaus • Elizabeth Loftus • Benjamin Whorf • Noam Chomsky • Terms/Ideas • Thinking • linguistic relativity (Whorf) • algorithms vs. heuristics • heuristics: availability, representativeness, • confirmation bias • Framing, mental set, belief perserverance • Language • phonemes, morphemes • grammar (syntax, semantics) • Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia

13. Motivation and Emotion Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Emotion • catharsis • 3 important theories of emotion • 1. James-Lange • 2. Cannon-Bard • 3. two-factor theory (Schacter & Singer) • polygraph tests • Important People to Know • Abraham Maslow • Paul Ekman • Schacter & Singer • Terms/Ideas • Motivation • drive-reduction theory • law of optimal arousal (aka. Yerkes-Dodson Law) • hunger (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus) • anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa • evolutionary perspective on mating habits • Flow • Types of Conflicts!!

14. Development Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Psychosocial Development • attachment styles • critical period/imprinting • Baumrind’s parenting styles • Erikson’s stage model • Moral Development • Kohlberg’s stage model • dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease • Important People to Know • Jean Piaget • Harry Harlow • Mary Ainsworth • Konrad Lorenz • Lawrence Kohlberg • Erik Erikson • Terms/Ideas • Physical/Prenatal Development • zygote  embryo  fetus • teratogens • Cognitive Development • schemas (assimilation & accomodation) • Piaget’s stage model • object permanence • conservation • egocentrism/theory of mind • Autism • Visual Cliff-depth

15. Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control? • 1. authoritarian style • impose rules, expect unquestioning obedience & conformity • high expectations, but no explanation of rules (“Why? Because I said so.”) • most likely to use physical punishment • kids: low in social competence • rarely take initiative, look to others for what is right • lack spontaneity

16. Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control? • 2. permissive style • warm, but lax, style • submit to children’s wishes, make few demands, use little punishment, few rules • kids: selfish, impulsive, aggressive, insecure, low achievers • often lacking in social responsibility

17. Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control? • 3. authoritative style • both demanding & responsive • set rules & enforce them... • ...but explain reasons for rules • ...and explain why punishment is happening • encourage independence • kids: high self-esteem, independence • ability to reason, form own opinions & arguments

18. Personality Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Trait approach • factor analysis • five-factor theory of personality (“the Big Five”) • learned helplessness • Important People to Know • Sigmund Freud • Carl Jung • Terms/Ideas • Psychoanalytic theory (aka. psychodynamic) • the unconscious • accessing the unconscious: • dreams (manifest vs. latent content) • free association • hypnosis • projective tests/ • Self-Report Inventories/MMPI • id, superego, & ego • Freud’s stage model of psychosexual development • Oedipus complex • defense mechanisms: • repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation

19. Intelligence Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • stereotype threat • Important People to Know • Charles Spearman • Howard Gardner • Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon • Lewis Terman • Terms/Ideas • Intelligence • general intelligence (g) • emotional intelligence • convergent vs. divergent thinking (creativity?) • crystallized vs. fluid intelligence • Intelligence testing • Intelligence quotient (IQ) • famous IQ tests: • Binet-Simon • Stanford-Binet • WAIS/WISC • standardization • reliability (test-retest, split-half) • validity (criterion related -(predictive) Content

20. Stray Topic #1: Hans Selye • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) • 3 stage model of reactions to stress: • 1. Alarm (fight-or-flight, sympathetic NS, prepare body) • 2. Resistance (remain physically “ready”; can deplete energy if too long) • 3. Exhaustion (parasympathetic NS) • more vulnerable to disease, illness in Exhaustion stage

21. Stray Topic #2: A Few Misc. Names • Carol Gilligan • refined Kohlberg’s stage theory • men = absolute in their morality • women = more likely to take situation into account • Hubel & Wiesel • feature detector neurons • Robert Rescorla • Contingency model of classical conditioning (aka. Rescorla-Wagner model) • Pavlov = contiguity model (more pairings = more learning) • Rescorla = contingency model (more CONSISTENT pairings = more learning) • Expectations/cognition matter in conditioning • Schacter & Singer: two-factor theory of emotion

22. Disorders Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Mood disorders • Major depressive disorder (MDD) • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) • Bipolar disorder (BD) • Schizophrenia • delusions, hallucinations, language disruptions • Personality disorders • especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD) Histrionic • Narcisstic • Important People to Know • David Rosenhan • Terms/Ideas • Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) • 5 axes (see handout) • Anxiety Disorders • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) • Panic disorder (PD) • Agoraphobia • Phobias • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

23. Therapy Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Types of Medication • antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers • “Alternative” Therapies • electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy • Important People to Know • Sigmund Freud • Carl Rogers • Terms/Ideas • Psychoanalytic Therapy • resistance • transference • Humanistic Therapy • client-centered therapy • active listening • Behavioral therapy • counterconditioning • token economies • systematic desensitization • Cognitive therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) • REBT- ELLIS

24. Stray Topic #4: Types of Intelligence Tests • aptitude tests: ability, what you can do • achievement tests: knowledge, what you have learned

25. Stray Topic #5: Somatoform Disorders • experiencing physical problems in the absence of any physical cause • hypochondriasis: frequent physical complaints for which doctors cannot find cause • minor problems indicative of major problems? • conversion disorder: severe physical problems with no apparent biological reason (paralysis, blindness) • Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts? Reinforced behaviors?

26. Stray Topic #6: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy • Specific type of CBT • Developed by Albert Ellis • Aims to expose, confront dysfunctional thoughts of clients

27. Stray Topic #7: Group Dynamics • besides social facilitation, social loafing • group polarization: groups make more extreme decisions than they would individually • groupthink: group members suppress concerns about ideas that group supports • Deindividuation-arousal and anonymity lead to actions someone would otherwise not take.

28. Social Psych Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination • Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT) • outgroup homogeneity, ingroup favoritism • Persuasion • Central and Peripheral • persuasion techniques: • foot-in-the-door • door-in-the-face • Attraction & relationships • mere exposure effect • halo effect • Sternberg’s triangle theory • Group processes • social facilitation, social loafing • Social inhibition • Terms/Ideas • Hindsight bias • Fundamental attribution error • Social roles (Stanford Prison Study) • Cognitive dissonance • Conformity • Informational & normative social influence • Obedience to authority • Helping behavior • Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility • Terror Management Theory

29. Social Psych Review Topics • Important People to Know • Phil Zimbardo • Leon Festinger • Solomon Asch • Stanley Milgram