I & M in Southeast Asia

1. I & M in Southeast Asia CITA RAG Meeting May Ajero and Alvin Mejia CAI-Asia Center 22 January 2009

2. CAI-Asia CAI-Asiabegan as a multi-stakeholder initiative by ADB, World Bank and USAID The CAI-Asia Center was incorporated in 2007 as a non-stock, non-profit corporation in the Philippines The CAI-Asia Partnership has 170 organizational members and 8 Country Networks in Asia “The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities promotes reductions in air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy and other sectors through translating knowledge to policy and action”

3. Asia – Motorization and Vehicle growth Source: 2008. ADB, CAI-Asia, Segment Y Ltd., and IEA

4. Vehicle Age in SEA Countries

5. Road Accidents in SEA Countries

6. Road Accident Costs in South East Asia Source: ADB/ASEAN (2005)

7. Asia – CO2 Emissions from Transport (BAU) Source: 2008. ADB, CAI-Asia, and Segment Y Ltd

8. Air Pollution from Transport Source: Oanh. 2009.

9. Sustainable Transport Framework Government Action Urban/Transport Planning and Demand Management TOOLS EXTERNALITIES AIR POLLUTION CLIMATE CHANGE ROAD SAFETY SOCIAL EQUITY CONGESTION NOISE POLLUTION PLANNING REGULATORY ECONOMIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGICAL Public Transport & Non Motorized Transport Cleaner and Efficient Fuels and Vehicles Inspection and maintenance should not be overlooked Freight and Logistics Individual Action

10. Why I&M ? Case of Thailand – Diesel Project Source: Adopted from Jitu Shah, World Bank, Bangkok, Thailand , http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-48845.html

11. Why I&M? IES Philippines Estimates Source: MacNamara. 2004. IES Philippines MVIS as most effective single measure to avert deaths in the long run MVIS as second most effective single measure in averting SPM emissions

12. Co-Benefits of an Effective I/M System • Identify and reduce emissions from gross polluting vehicles • Contribute to greenhouse gas abatement measures • Essential for implementing other SUT measures • Maximize benefits from stricter emissions standards and higher fuel quality • Promote efficient engines and fuel savings • Reduce traffic-related accidents due to engine or vehicle device(s) malfunction

13. Inspection Intervals and Testing Centers Notes: Thailand - private passenger vehicles; Singapore -cars and station wagons; Viet Nam - passenger cars (new; non-business); Myanmar - motor vehicles (aside from motorcylces); Philippines - private cars; Japan, USA, France, UK sourced from Keiko 2009

14. Roadside Inspection Source: Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Environment (Indonesia). 2008 Malaysia – random spot checks are done Thailand – Daily roadside inspection in Bangkok being done by the police, LTD, PCD and BMA Philippines – Anti-smoke belching unit s of city are responsible for roadside spot checks in Metro Manila

15. Case of Singapore Source: Land Transportation Authority (Singapore). 2008 Overall, the passing rate went up from 75% to 91%

16. When passing rates aren’t everything… Source: Taneerananon, Chanwannnakul, Suanpaga, Khompratya, Kronprasert, Tanaboriboon. 2005. Taneerananon et al. in 2005 had 16 “phantom vehicles” with documented defects inspected in various testing centers in Thailand. Their vehicles did very well…

17. Irregularities in Government I and M

18. Corruption in Private Emission Testing Centers 300 vehicles/day in a two-lane inspection center = ~ 3 minutes per vehicle inspection

19. Pricing of I/M and cost recovery • Governments are still reluctant to set realistic pricing levels for I/M • In-effective price setting promotes corruption, poor and limited maintenance and replacement of equipment • Consumers do not take it serious if it is free or very cheap Sources: Taneerananon.2005; General Insurance Association of Malaysia. 2008; Than. (date unknown). Cebu Daily. 2009; Jakarta Daily. 2009.

20. Outreach and communication of I&M • Limited efforts are being made do demonstrate the impact of good I/M programs on AQ and road safety and more specific for the individual user • I/M programs are not transparent and the perception of corruption limits the buy in of the public

21. Components of a Successful I&M Program Centralized Testing Public Awareness Appropriate Test Procedures Good Quality I&M Strong Enforcement Appropriate Standards and Norms Inspector Training Privatized with appropriate test fees Government Oversight and Auditing

22. Issues on I&M in SEA • Linkage of I/M policies with AQM Objectives • Regulatory capacity for I/M • Enforcement • Communication of I/M programs to the people

23. Linkage of I/M policies with AQM Objectives • Often no good emission inventories available which prioritize pollutants • Poor fleet characterization in terms of what vehicles pollute most • Lacking methodology for impact assessment of I/M on air quality • Adequate road side monitoring • Opportunity for selling CO2 credits

24. Limited regulatory capacity for I/M • Need for qualified regulators • In most countries I/M is perceived as a technical assignment with no career perspectives • Regulatory capacity is required BOTH for government run I/M systems and those run by the private sector • Regulators mostly lack the capacity to conduct detailed supervision of test stations

25. Improve Enforcement and Reduce Corruption • Corruption is a frequent problem and it is still easy to evade the requirements for enforcement in many countries • Horizontal cooperation between different agencies must be strengthened • Inspection of the inspection centers may be necessary • More attention to the “M” of I&M

26. CAI-Asia Center www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Alvin Mejia, Air Quality Researcher alvin.mejia@cai-asia.org May Ajero, AQ Progr am Manager may.ajero@cai-asia.org Unit 3510, 35th Floor, Robinsons-Equitable Tower, ADB Avenue, Pasig City, Metro Manila, 1605 Philippines