1 / 101

MIS 300

MIS 300. 100 Top Hits for Slides for the Course With emphasis on the 2 nd half. Contents. General Model of Problem Solving MIS; DSS; GSS; ESS Specialized Systems Management Support Systems Technological Leadership System Development Risk Management and Security

griffinr
Download Presentation

MIS 300

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. MIS 300 100 Top Hits for Slides for the Course With emphasis on the 2nd half Top 100

  2. Contents • General Model of Problem Solving • MIS; DSS; GSS; ESS • Specialized Systems • Management Support Systems • Technological Leadership • System Development • Risk Management and Security • Computer Crime and Ethics Top 100

  3. Focus of the Course First six weeks: Information technology and how it works, definitions, IT as a business enabler and platform Last six weeks: What information technology can do for users; user roles; producing and managing information technology; effects of IT Top 100

  4. Decision Making as a Component of Problem Solving SEE THINK SAY DO LEARN Figure 6.1: How Decision Making Relates to Problem Solving Top 100

  5. Decision Making as a Component of Problem Solving (continued) • Problem solving: a process that goes beyond decision making to include the implementation stage • Implementation stage: a solution is put into effect • Monitoring stage: decision makers evaluate the implementation Top 100

  6. Programmed Versus Nonprogrammed Decisions • Programmed decisions • Decisions made using a rule, procedure, or quantitative method • Easy to computerize using traditional information systems Top 100

  7. Programmed Versus Nonprogrammed Decisions (continued) • Nonprogrammed decisions • Decision that deals with unusual or exceptional situations • Not easily quantifiable Top 100

  8. Optimization, Satisficing, and Heuristic Approaches • Optimization model: a process that finds the best solution, usually the one that will best help the organization meet its goals • Satisficing model: a process that finds a good—but not necessarily the best—problem solution • Heuristics: commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution Top 100

  9. An Overview of Management Information Systems: Management Information Systems in Perspective • A management information system (MIS) provides managers with information that supports effective decision making and provides feedback on daily operations • The use of MISs spans all levels of management Top 100

  10. Management Information Systems in Perspective (continued) Figure 6.3: Sources of Managerial Information Top 100

  11. Outputs of a Management Information System • Scheduled report: produced periodically, or on a schedule • Key-indicator report: summary of the previous day’s critical activities • Demand report: developed to give certain information at someone’s request • Exception report: automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action • Drill-down report: provides increasingly detailed data about a situation Top 100

  12. Functional Aspects of the MIS • Most organizations are structured along functional lines or areas • The MIS can be divided along functional lines to produce reports tailored to individual functions • This tends to lead to fragmentation, the sort of effect that ERP is designed to counter! Top 100

  13. An Overview of Decision Support Systems • A DSS is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision making and problem solving • The focus of a DSS is on decision-making effectiveness when faced with unstructured or semistructured business problems Top 100

  14. Capabilities of a Decision Support System • Support all problem-solving phases • Support different decision frequencies • Support different problem structures • Support various decision-making levels Top 100

  15. Capabilities of a Decision Support System (continued) What else goes along with level? Why? Figure 6.10: Decision-Making Level Top 100

  16. Components of a DSS • Model base: provides decision makers access to a variety of models and assists them in decision making • Database • External database access • Access to the Internet and corporate intranet, networks, and other computer systems • Dialogue manager: allows decision makers to easily access and manipulate the DSS and to use common business terms and phrases Top 100

  17. Components of a DSS (continued) Figure 6.11: Conceptual Model of a DSS Top 100

  18. Group Support Systems • Group support system (GSS) • Consists of most elements in a DSS, plus software to provide effective support in group decision making • Also called group decision support system or computerized collaborative work system Top 100

  19. Group Support Systems (continued) Figure 6.12: Configuration of a GSS (Cf. Figure 6.11) Top 100

  20. Characteristics of a GSS That Enhance Decision Making • Special design • Ease of use • Flexibility • Decision-making support • Anonymous input • Reduction of negative group behavior • Parallel communication • Automated record keeping Top 100

  21. Executive Support Systems • Executive support system (ESS): specialized DSS that includes all hardware, software, data, procedures, and people used to assist senior-level executives within the organization Top 100

  22. Executive Support Systems in Perspective • Tailored to individual executives • Easy to use • Drill-down capable • Support the need for external data • Can help when uncertainty is high • Future-oriented • Linked to value-added processes Top 100

  23. Capabilities of Executive Support Systems • Support for defining an overall vision • Support for strategic planning • Support for strategic organizing and staffing • Support for strategic control • Support for crisis management Top 100

  24. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence • Artificial intelligence (AI): the ability of computers to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain • Artificial intelligence systems: the people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence Top 100

  25. The Nature of Intelligence • Learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from experience • Handle complex situations • Solve problems when important information is missing • Determine what is important • React quickly and correctly to a new situation • By definition, a computer is unintelligent • The hallmark of intelligence is generating information out of experience. Top 100

  26. The Nature of Intelligence (continued) • Understand visual images • Process and manipulate symbols • Be creative and imaginative • Use heuristics Top 100

  27. The Difference Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence Table 7.1: A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence Top 100

  28. Expert Systems • Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert • Used in many business applications Top 100

  29. Robotics • Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks that either require a high degree of precision or are tedious or hazardous for humans • Contemporary robotics combines high-precision machine capabilities with sophisticated controlling software • Many applications of robotics exist today • Research into robots is continuing Top 100

  30. Vision Systems • The hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures • Used by the U.S. Justice Department to perform fingerprint analysis • Used for identifying people based on facial features Top 100

  31. Natural Language Processing • Processing that allows the computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English • Three levels of voice recognition • Command: recognition of dozens to hundreds of words • Discrete: recognition of dictated speech with pauses between words • Continuous: recognition of natural speech Top 100

  32. An Overview of Expert Systems: Characteristics and Limitations of an Expert System • Can explain its reasoning or suggested decisions • Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships • Can provide portable knowledge • Can deal with uncertainty Top 100

  33. Characteristics and Limitations of an Expert System (continued) • Not widely used or tested • Difficult to use • Limited to relatively narrow problems • Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge • Possibility of error • Cannot refine its own knowledge • Difficult to maintain • May have high development costs • Raises legal and ethical concerns Top 100

  34. When to Use Expert Systems • Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduce downside risk • Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise • Solve a problem that is not easily solved using traditional programming techniques • Develop a system more consistent than human experts Top 100

  35. When to Use Expert Systems (continued) • Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at the same time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous to human health • Provide expertise that is expensive or rare • Develop a solution faster than human experts can • Provide expertise needed for training and development to share the wisdom and experience of human experts with a large number of people Do you see a potential problem here? Top 100

  36. Components of Expert Systems Figure 7.2: Components of an Expert System Top 100

  37. The Explanation Facility • Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results • For example: it allows a doctor to find out the logic or rationale of the diagnosis made by a medical expert system Top 100

  38. The Knowledge Acquisition Facility • Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all the components of the knowledge base • Acts as an interface between experts and the knowledge base Top 100

  39. Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems • Domain expert: individual or group that has the expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in the expert system • Knowledge engineer: an individual who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system • Knowledge user: individual or group that uses and benefits from the expert system Top 100

  40. Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence • Credit granting and loan analysis • Catching cheats and terrorists • Information management and retrieval • AI and expert systems embedded in products • Plant layout and manufacturing • Hospitals and medical facilities • Help desks and assistance • Employee performance evaluations Top 100

  41. What Is SUPPORTED? Tools for bringing things to conclusion • Managers are employed to create conclusions, to make things happen • Thus, any support they receive can be only of two types: • To make it easier to make things happen or • To make others think things have happened (i.e., to increase the perception of things happening) Tools for helping others see that things have happened Top 100

  42. What Is a Conclusion? • A Decision • Agreement or consensus • Realization of a model or plan • Addition to knowledge • Increase in confidence • Any (presumed positive) change in resources (such as cash, staff, customers, etc.) Top 100

  43. Manage this Process SEE THINK SAY DO LEARN What is the Support in Management Support Systems ? Gather Access, Analyze Display, Communicate Remember better Knowledge Array, Compare Debate Archive Data Compute WHAT A MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM CAN DO FOR MANAGERS TO INCREASE CONFIDENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBLEM-SOLVING Top 100

  44. What Kinds of Tools Are There • Display and Data Formatting (Presentation) • Data Search and Processing (MIS) • Suggested Action (Consulting) • Evaluation of Action (DSS) • Logical Conclusion (Expert System) • Action (Operational System) Top 100

  45. How These Tools Differ • Each one incorporates more “knowledge” than those above. • The value of the knowledge is higher and the knowledge is more specific. • Each removes some of the burden from the problem solver in generating and evaluating solutions Top 100

  46. Knowledgeable Advisor MODEL BASE MODEL CAPTURE Manager in Need of Support LEARNING ADVICE Structure of a Management Support System This takes place continually, refining the Quality and relevance of the stored data DIALOG MANAGER Top 100

  47. Knowledgeable Advisor MODEL BASE MODEL CAPTURE Manager in Need of Support LEARNING ADVICE Structure of a Management Support System System Management Model Management Model Usage DIALOG MANAGER Top 100

  48. Advisors Know-ledge Base Knowledge Engineering Managers ProblemDescription General Model of a Management Support System AdvisingSystemInterface Advice LEARNING Feedback Top 100

  49. Product Process Who Is a Technology Leader? Those who specify and build the systems • Technology developers • Technology commercializers • Technology stewards Those who figure out how to make a profit Those who get the systems built and employed USE Project Top 100

  50. Who Is a Technology Leader? • Technology stewards • User management • Project managers & clients • Process managers • Product owners Top 100

More Related