Welcome to AP Biology!

1. Welcome to AP Biology! • Syllabus • Textbook • What is your learning style?? • Visit my website: teacher.sanjuan.edu/webpages/gtimm • Go to AP Biology • Go to Unit 1 • Link to online learning style test: • http://www.educationplanner.org/students/self-assessments/learning-styles-quiz.shtml

2. Exit Question: • What type of learner are you? • Describe what this means… • How can you use this to help you in class? • How can you use this to help you study? • Interview the people around you..what other types of learner are there? • Why do you think I had you do this activity?

3. Day 2 • Today you are going to take a test to see what type of personality you have. • Your personality greatly affects how you interact with fellow students (especially during labs and other group work). • Go to my website, AP Biology, Unit 1 • Go to “color personality test” at bottom of page • Take the test (you will need a separate piece of paper for this)

4. Jot down notes on your results: • What “color” are you? • What are a few of your Characterisitics? • How do you see yourself? • How do others see you? • What frustrates you? • What do you do to frustrate others? • On a bad day you may… • Things that may stress you… • How can you use this information when working in a group?

5. Day 3: Big Idea Poster • Let’s put what you learned into a work on a group assignment… • Create ONE poster for one of the AP Biology Big Ideas using my website link. • Poster should include: • The Big Idea statement written at the top • Word cloud to represent the Big Idea • At least 4 pictures to represent the Big Idea • Chapters in the book you think relate to the Big Idea

6. Day 4 • Reading Notes (AVID format) • This unit is chapter 48,49, and 51 • Notes are due:__________ • Labs: • Will be inquiry based. • That means you make up the question and procedure instead of me giving you a “recipe” to follow. • Our first lab will be an introduction to what “inquiry” is all about.

7. Earthworm Lab – Day 4 • Perform lab • Write up and presentation due tomorrow!

8. Lab Reports Include: • Laboratory Title: reflects dependent and independent variable. • Materials and Methods (procedure): anyone can repeat the lab from this section. • Results, Observation, and Data: graphs, charts, and diagrams are included here. • Analysis: answered any lab questions. • Discussion and Conclusion: relates to current unit. • References/works cited:

9. Day 5 • Worm lab presentations

10. The Brain & Learning (CH 48)-Day 6 • Take cornell notes on the following information!

11. Chordates • All animals except sponges have a nervous system. • What distinguishes nervous systems of different animal groups is how neurons are organized into circuits. Echinoderms Arthropods Roundworms Annelids Flatworms Mollusks RadialSymmetry Cnidarians Pseudocoelom Deuterostome Development RadialSymmetry Coelom Protostome Development Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry Sponges Tissues The animal kingdom Multicellularity Single-celled ancestor

12. Organization of Nervous Systems • The simplest animals with nervous systems, the cnidarians, have neurons arranged in nerve nets

13. The cnidarians, have neurons arranged in nerve nets Radial nerve Nerve ring Nerve net Hydra (cnidarian) Sea star (echinoderm) Sea stars have a nerve net in each arm connected by radial nerves to a central nerve ring

14. simple cephalizedanimals, such as flatworms, • have a central nervous system (CNS) Eyespot Brain Brain Nerve cord Ventral nerve cord Transverse nerve Segmental ganglion Planarian (flatworm) Leech (annelid)

15. Annelids and arthropods have segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia. These ganglia connect to the CNS and make up a peripheral nervous system (PNS). Ganglia Brain Anterior nerve ring Ventral nerve cord Longitudinal nerve cords Segmental ganglia Insect (arthropod) Chiton (mollusc)

16. In vertebrates, the central nervous system consists of a brain and dorsal spinal cord. The PNS connects to the CNS. Brain Spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord) Brain Sensory ganglion Ganglia Squid (mollusc) Salamander (chordate)

17. Information Processing Nervous systems process information in three stages: sensory input, integration, and motor output Integration Sensory input Sensor Motor output Effector Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

18. Sensory neurons transmit information from sensors that detect external stimuli and internal conditions • Sensory information is sent to the CNS, where interneurons integrate the information • Motor output leaves the CNS via motor neurons, which communicate with effector cells • The three stages of information processing are illustrated in the knee-jerk reflex

19. Gray matter Cell body of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion Quadriceps muscle White matter Hamstring muscle Spinal cord (cross section) Sensory neuron Motor neuron Interneuron

20. Neurons have a wide variety of shapes that reflect input and output interactions Dendrites Axon Cell body Interneurons Sensory neuron Motor neuron

21. Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Brain Cranial nerves Spinal cord Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

22. Brain Cells are Neurons... Dendrites Cell body Nucleus Synapse Signal direction Axon hillock Axon Presynaptic cell Synaptic terminals Myelin sheath Postsynaptic cell

23. cell body: contains nucleus & organelles • dendrites: receive incoming messages • axons: transmit messages away to other cells • myelin sheath: fatty insulation covering axon, speeds up nerve impulses • synapse: junction between 2 neurons • neurotransmitter: chemical messengers sent across synapse • Glia: cells that support neurons • Eg. Schwann cells (forms myelin sheath)

24. Supporting Cells (Glia) • Glia are essential for structural integrity of the nervous system and for functioning of neurons • Types of glia: astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

25. In the CNS, astrocytes provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters Green cells are the astrocytes. Blue stains the nucleus.

26. Oligodendrocytes (in the CNS) and Schwann cells (in the PNS) form the myelin sheaths around axons of many vertebrate neurons. Nodes of Ranvier Layers of myelin Axon Schwann cell Schwann cell Nucleus of Schwann cell Nodes of Ranvier Axon Myelin sheath 0.1 µm

27. SYNAPSE: where a nerve cell touches another nerve cell (or muscle cell, etc). Brain uses synapse to send/receive signals Synapse….

28. Central Nervous System • Brain and spinal cord • Cavities are filled with cerebrospinal fluid • cushions and supplies nutrients and white blood cells. • Meninges are layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord • White matter is myelinated; gray matter is not. • Evolutionarily older structures in the brain regulate essential functions.

29. Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves originate in the brain and terminate mostly in organs of the head and upper body. Spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord and extend to parts of the body below the head The PNS has two functional components: the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

30. Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic nervous system (PNS): • Voluntary (conscious control) • Carries signals to skeletal muscles • Autonomic nervous system (PNS) • Involuntary • Smooth and cardiac muscle, GI , cardio, excretory and endocrine organs

32. MOTOR DIVISION Peripheral nervous system regulates the internal environment in an involuntary manner Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscles Parasympathetic division Enteric division Sympathetic division Sympathetic: speeds up everything but digestion “fight or flight” adrenaline • Parasympathetic calms everything but digestion

33. PNS Divided into 2 Parts • Sympathetic division • speeds up everything but digestion • “fight or flight” • adrenaline • Parasympathetic division • calms everything but digestion

34. Embryonic Development of the Brain All vertebrate brains develop from three embryonic regions: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain Brain structures present in adult Embryonic brain regions Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres; includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Telencephalon Forebrain Diencephalon Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) Midbrain Mesencephalon Midbrain (part of brainstem) Metencephalon Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum Hindbrain Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon: Mesencephalon Hypothalamus Metencephalon Thalamus Midbrain Myelencephalon Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Diencephalon Hindbrain Brainstem: Midbrain Pons Spinal cord Pituitary gland Medulla oblongata Forebrain Telencephalon Spinal cord Cerebellum Central canal Embryo at five weeks Embryo at one month Adult

35. BRAIN This white matter is distinguishable from gray matter, which consists mainly of dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuron cell bodies Gray matter White matter Ventricles

36. BRAIN in the CNS has different parts. Brainstem HOMEOSTASIS…… breathing, heart activity, swallowing, vomiting, digestion; most ascending axons cross over here Hindbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

37. Cerebellum coordination and motor learning

38. Cerebrum • Right and left hemispheres connected by corpus callosum Cerebral cortex (gray matter) is the largest and most complex part of the mammalian brain Cerebrum

39. Cerebrum Frontal lobe: speech, personality, motor cortex Parietal lobe: somatosensory cortex, speech, taste, reading Temporal lobe: hearing, smell Occipital lobe: vision

40. Language and Speech • Brocca’s area • Frontal lobe • Patients with injury can understand language but not speak • Wernicke’s area • Temporal lobe • Patients with injury can speak but not comprehend

41. Diencephalon Hypothalamus Thalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland Hypothalamus: homeostasis by regulating hunger, thirst, temp., circadian rhythms Thalamus: relay center

42. Circadian Rhythms • The hypothalamus also regulates circadian rhythms such as the sleep/wake cycle • Animals usually have a biological clock, a pair of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus • Biological clocks usually require external cues to remain synchronized with environmental cycles

43. PET scan

44. Magnetic resonance images (MRI)

45. The limbic system: emotions and memory including olfaction

46. Memory and Learning • The frontal lobes are a site of short-term memory • They interact with the hippocampus and amygdala to consolidate long-term memory • Many sensory and motor association areas of the cerebral cortex are involved in storing and retrieving words and images

47. Learning • How does an organism learn about it’s environment? • Taxis: purposeful movement • Toward stimulus = + taxis • Away from stimulus = - taxis • Kinesis: random movement • Hoping for the best

48. Cognition • Cognition means to know/learn and that you are being aware. • Environment + genes • Metacognition = aware of how you learn • Learning Styles

49. Day 7 – Diagram of Brain • Tap into your creative side using pictures, sketches and words to form a collage in each section of the brain to represent the functions of these lobes. • Frontal lobe -- Involved with planning, interpretation, emotions, personality, deliberate movements, decision making, and turning thoughts into words. • Parietal lobe -- Perceives sensory inputs and and also associates these inputs with past memories. • Temporal lobe -- Deals with the senses of smell and sound and also is responsible for forming memories. • Occipital lobe -- Decodes images and objects that are seen in order to identify or recognize them. • Cerebellum -- Regulates movement, balance and coordination. • For example, in the frontal lobe section, drawings of people smiling, crying or communicating can be utilized. • In the parietal lobe section, images representing the five senses can be pasted.

50. Day 8 – Animal Behavior • Take cornell notes on the “animal behavior (1)” ppt • Hmwk: Watch Bozemanscience videos • 018 • 019 • 041 • Take notes (yes, cornell!)