Change & Continuity Over Time in ASIA

1. Change & Continuity Over Time in ASIA By: Alicia Chen, YarlDhayaparan, Shirley Huang, Lise Ho, RadhikaKaicker, Christina Ko, MahfuzaShovik, and Alanna Wong

2. 8000 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E

3. The Indus Valley Civilization The Indus river served as the basis that the civilization surrounded itself around. The people who lived here were most likely the Dravidian, who were the natives in India at the time. The two largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. One of their most noticeable aspects was the creation of their grid system, they were the first to create a sewage system. They also had a good system of weights and measures, as each brick in their city was the exact same size. Their mathematics was advanced and the decimal had been created and used by them. They traded with places as far as Mesopotamia. Their main exports were cotton, wood, wheat, rice, barley, mustard, sesame seeds, dates, and jewelry made from stones. They traded beads and shells with people in Central Asia via the Khyber Pass. They had a writing system as well, though it has not been deciphered yet. Their domesticated animals include dogs, cats, camels, pigs, chickens, sheep, goats, cows and the water buffalo. Bronze was a known metal to them and iron would later be introduced by the Aryans. The decline of the Civilization is not known, however most historians think it was the drying up of the Indus River that caused the death of the civilization.

4. The Aryan Migration Nomadic peoples called Aryans invaded with superior military techniques, with the help of Chariots and possibly horses and seemed to have pushed the Dravidians south. The Aryans, most likely came from areas around Iran and Southern Russia. These Aryans imposed their culture and took power over the indigenous people. They introduced the Vedic Religion and Caste System. This era was known as the Early Vedic Period (1500 BC to 1000 BC) . during the Vedic Era great scriptures such as the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad-Gita had been written.These warrior nomads were a cattle breeding society. They did not have a written language and carried traditions through Oral ways. The Caste System followed the following rules:

5. Xia Dynasty-China2070 B.C.E to 1600 B.C.E • First dynasty in China! • First established by Yu the Great with the Abdication System. This system chose the leader based on one’s abilities. • After his death, Qi, his son took the throne and did away with the system. • During this era, many advancements in agriculture were made. This was possible due to the development and upgrading of tools. • In addition to that, they had just been learning about bronze and began learning to melt it. • This dynasty was brought to an end after the reign of Jie. -he was a tyrannical emperor -killed patriotic ministers -lived an extravagant lifestyle, for HIMSELF • Under Tang, Jie was overthrown and the Xia dynasty came to an end ~~~~~~~~~~~SPOILER ALERT: Tang was head of the Shang tribe. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6. Shang/Yin China • Shang China was located around the Hwang Ho River Valley, or as we know today, the Yellow River. • This dynasty lasted from approximately 1600 B.C.E. to 1100 B.C.E. • During the height of the dynasty, the Shang dynasty controlled large parts of northern China and had a very powerful military! • The people during this time built up walls around the towns and cities and the warriors used chariots during war. • There contact with the rest of the world was very limited with the exception of trade with Mesopotamia. • They also called their civilization ‘All Under Heaven’ and the reason for this may have been because they were so isolated that they believed they were at the center of the world. • Some major accomplishments included -accomplished bronze workers -developed spoked wheel -experts in silk and pottery production -devised a decimal system -created an accurate calendar -used horse-drawn chariots • A patriarchal society formed. Multiple families lived in the same household and this household would always be led by the eldest male.

7. MAP OF HUANG HE RIVER VALLEY

8. Zhou Dynasty- China1100 B.C.E to 256 B.C.E • Established by Wu Wang, who had overthrew the Shang dynasty • The Zhou dynasty was also known as the Chou dynasty • They believed in the Mandate of Heaven which meant that only heaven would allow a certain power to rule. If heaven did not approve, bad things such as bad crop season, floods, and other natural disasters and this would cause revolts and uprisings which would eventually lead to the overthrowing of a power • During this period, a feudal system was developed . This system had been very similar to the one developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Noble (took control of smaller regions of the empire) / King (ruler of entire empire)= \ Noble (took control of smaller regions of the empire) In this situation, the king would protect the nobles as long as they were to remain loyal to him. • For a couple hundred years, this system ran smoothly, until the nobles began gaining wealth and power. • These nobles who had accumulated enough wealth and power ended up splitting apart into their own kingdoms. • In these separate kingdoms, bureaucracies were built and this form of government lasted for hundreds of years.

9. Japan • There were 3 major milestones in Japan during this time period. • Stone Age – This was around 3000 B.C.E and in this time, people were just beginning to settle down as hunters and gatherers. • JomonPeiord- around 2500 B.C.E., people during this time began settling down for good. This also marked the start of the period when they began developing tools using stone. • Yayoi Period- This period began around 2000 B.C.E. and during this period, people began growing rice as well as using metal utensils.

10. Southeast Asia • Like many other areas in the world during this time period, there was not much going on. Towards the end of the period, it is known to us that many civilizations had settled down in a single location, learned how to use bronze as well as stone and other metals for their own benefits, and the lifestyles of humans had changed dramatically. Rather than being nomads and constantly moving around, groups of people settled down, learned to grow their own food, and used the extra time that they did not use hunting to focus on advancing in other areas.

11. 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.

12. Warring States Period • This period was a time of social, political, and economic turmoil. (5th-3rd C. BCE). Zhou Dynasty • China was constantly broken up by war between small states with distinct and not unified culture • In general there were 7 major areas battling over control the two biggest being the Qin and the Chu. • Influenced many philosophies that sprouted up in the Qin and Han Dynasties which would become a crucial part of people’s lives and have left lasting legacies to this very day. Dynastic Cycle - A Continuity • A:Height/Golden Age of a Particular Dynasty • B:Decline due to Corruption, dissatisfaction, etc • C:Collapse of the dynasty • D:A New Dynasty takes over

13. Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) • Qin Dynasty was a dynasty ruled by a single emperor, Qin Shih Huang di. • Economy based on agriculture • Powerful army • Embraced the philosophy ofLegalism. • Built many major public works projects: Road networks, Terracotta Army, Great Wall. • Language, Measurements, Education were standardized • Meritocracy: Quality of jobs = success • Legalism: Philosophy of the Qin dynasty • People are naturally evil. • Military service and agriculture are the most beneficial occupations. • People need to be controlled to create the best for society. • Scholarly knowledge is useless and should be discouraged. • Good behavior should be rewarded and bad behaviors should be punished. • Unified China after years of war and conflict which helped the Han Dynasty flourish • Collapsed due to peasant dissatisfaction due to heavy taxes, corruption, and famine/drought; economic declines, backlash in secret societies by organized peasants (Han) QIN DYNASTY POLICIES • Strict laws to guide the people. • The Famous Book Burnings to discourage scholar (to consolidate Qin dynasty power -> eliminate opposing philosophies/opinions) • Aristocrats moved to capital to be more controlled • System of meritocracy: people receive positions of authority based on achievements

14. Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) • Created basis of imperial government which still influences the Chinese government today • Early Han leaders: cut taxes, initiated attempts to improve agriculture • Embraced Confucianism as a philosophy- adoption of Confucianism • Many of the Chinese Confucian works were collected and written at this time • During the Han Dynasty, like the Qin, success was key-> the system of meritocracy played out in the newly implemented civil service exam • Scholars were encouraged unlike the Qin dynasty • Rise of literature during this period like poems • Gentry: scholar-officials with Confucian values=> got jobs from the civil service exam • Society had greater respect for family matters due to Confucianism • Causes of its Fall: Pursuit of more ventures militarily led to economic decline; and also: political conflict, weak leadership, corruption, poverty

15. Other Philosophies in China Confucianism Daoism (Taoism) Dao=“The Way” -> harmonious existence within NATURE Absence of idea of good, idea, evil One would face difficulties in life if you do not follow the Dao Heaven: perfect harmony btw nature, a condition not a place Yin and Yang symbol represents this Balance Idea of balance and symmetry are major concepts to Daoism The Way comes naturally Dao Deching: the text in which the foundational beliefs can be found Ex. of influence today: Martial Arts such as Tai Chi • FOUNDED BY CONFUCIUS who was born in 551 BC • Goal: • Values in Confucianism included: • Filial Piety: respect/reverence for family • Manners: Li (Ritual) • Generosity, Ren (Human-Heartedness), Determination, Good Faith • * 5 social relationships* • Ruler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, older brother to younger brother, friend to friend • Literature influenced by Confucianism: • Five Classics and Analects<- gathered by Confucius himself; books • The Four Books, Foundation of Chinese education and social law Han Dynasty and on

16. Trading on the Silk Road • Effects of the Silk Road: • Cultural Diffusion: Chinese/ Roman • religion, ie. Christianity from the Roman Empire • Material Goods • New technology spreads • Predominately overland • Spices, silk (newly invented by the Han Dynasty) were transferred • This was continuous for over a millennium, however the extent of the effect declined over time with new technologies. • Han Dynasty took control of the Silk Road around-> 200 BC. Invention of Silk during the Han Dynasty facilitated this. • Military guarded the trade routes as way to protect economy • Tang Dynasty -> decline in Silk Road in the 9th century due to China’s military power decline and rise in marine technology such as the compass

17. SILK ROADhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch2en/conc2en/silkroad.html

18. The Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC) This was one of the world’s largest empires at the time. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. The capital city was Pataliputra, and the Empire was the first to unify the whole region of what was India. They used a unified currency. The army was powerful with the use of chariots and elephants. The empire had a bureaucracy that collected 25 percent tax on all agricultural production and they had a secret police that spied on the people to make sure they were obedient. Women had a considerable number of rights, such as being able to own property. The Mauryans traded with not only east and southeast Asia, but with Mesopotamia and the Roman Empire as well. They traded mostly salt, iron and cotton. Trade with China, for silk, was encouraged. One of the most famous emperors was Ashoka (269-232 BC), He was a Buddhist and spread peace and tolerance via the Pillars of Ashoka, which were stone monuments places around the country. Attacking outside forces brought the downfall of the Mauryan, leaving India in politic disunity for the next 500 years.

19. The Gupta Empire This was called the “Golden Age” in India, with scientific advancements such as the decimal system and the concepts of pi and zero. However, the Gupta Empire wasn’t able to unite the whole of India as the Mauryans had, with a scattering of princes in different states. Chandra Gupta named himself and modeled his empire after the Maurya, they were mostly Hindu, but practiced religious tolerance. The classic Hindu Temple structure evolved during this era. Their trading network included the Arabian Sea and Eastern Mediterranean. They traded by boat with Malaysia and Indonesia. They also had the 25 percent tax on agricultural goods. The status of women declined heavily during this period, they could no longer own property and had to perform sati, which was burning oneself alive with one’s dead husband. Throughout the Gupta empire the age of marriage for girls got continually lower, they got married sometimes even at the age of six or seven. The decline of the empire was mainly because of attacks from the Nomadic White Huns.

20. 600 to 1450 CE http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/images/maps/china-sui-large.gif http://www.history-of-china.com/img/tang-dynasty-map-b.gif

21. The Sui Dynasty (589-618) and Tang Dynasty (618-906) -The Sui dynasty emerges after the fall of the Han -reunification of China and border expansions due to increased military conquest -Grand Canal created to link Yellow and Yangtze rivers -Under the Tang, China is even larger than ever before, while still forcing neighbors into a tributary system, where other powers have to make regular payments to avoid punishment. -greater control over southern coast allowed for more participation in trade in the Indian Ocean trade network, traded with Middle East and Mediterranean by means of the Silk Road -Strong economy because of an advanced infrastructure: good roads, waterways, canals -flourishing silk industry -Tang exerted a strong artistic and religious influence over its neighbors -During the 800s, peasant rebellions and military disasters caused weakening of the Tang and it completely collapsed in 906

22. Song Empire ( -1279 -China fragmented into separate states until the Song Empire took control in the late 1200s -steady population growth and had heavily urbanized society -still connected with trade routes, connecting to Middle East and Central Asia, including the Silk Road. -culturally and economically impressive, technologically advanced society; developed compass, gunpowder, and block printing -port of Canton became one of the world's busiest and most cosmopolitan trading centers -Neo-Confucianism - revival of Confucius's teachings unified China. Government systems also utilized civil service exams. Neo-Confucianism justified greater subordination of women. Foot binding was practiced. -New forms of Buddhism: Chan stressed simplicity and meditation -primary threat was the Liao empire to the north. The Song Empire paid tribute to the Liao but later destroyed them with the help from the Jurchen. The Jurchen turned on the Song, proclaiming their own empire, the Jin Dynasty. -lost land steadily because of war with neighbors -survived until Mongol conquest in 1270

23. Yuan Empire (1271-1368) -by 1234 Mongols had captured almost all of western and northern China. -China and Southeast Asia fell to Kublai Khan, moving the capital from Mongolia to Beijing, proclaiming the Yuan Empire. -Kublai and Mongol leadership adapted to Chinese ways, adopting Buddhism, making Mandarin official language. -military campaigns were successful. Kublai forced neighbors to pay tribute -Kublai Khan rebuilt China's bureaucracy and economy, repairing roads, canals, building new cities, restoring trade with the West, reactivating trade by the Silk Road. -China suffered tremendous population loss due to the bubonic plague in the 1300s. Economy suffered due to population loss. -a series of civil wars broke out in the 1340s -overthrown by a final rebellion in 1368

24. http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/images/maps/china-ming-large.gifhttp://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/images/maps/china-ming-large.gif http://www.history-of-china.com/img/yuan-dynasty-map-b.gif

25. The Early Ming Dynasty (1368-1403) -Hongwu becomes emperor in 1368, establishing the Ming Dynasty. -China was recentralized and repaired damage done by wars. -population grew and economy recovered -Beijing was transformed into a magnificent capital by building the Forbidden City at its heart -China's borders expanded while maintaining tributary system -had large and effective armies -Chinese art, literature and religion continued to exert influence on countries such as Korea, Vietnam and Japan -Confucianism and Buddhism restored in philosophy and religion -Admiral Zheng He made 7 long voyages to SE asia with navy that was an instrument of diplomacy and intimidation, expanding trade, gaining knowledge of the outside world, and forcing states and cities to pay tribute -Ming rulers, distracted by land-based threats of nomads, lost interest in exploration and naval expansion.

26. Heian Japan -in 600 CE, emperors shifted their capital to Heian -During the Heian era, emperors lost political power but remained important symbolic figureheads -The noble family that gained the position of chancellor held real power and had duty of "protecting" the emperor, ruling in his name -the Fujiwara clan was the ruling family in Heian Japan and presided over a peaceful, prosperous and culturally brilliant nation -Japanese culture was influenced by China and religious life was shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism, all coexisting with Shinto. Tang China had great impact on Japanese style -The pursuit of cultural refinement led to neglect of military affairs. The Fujiwara delegated military responsibilities to warrior clans -The Taira-Minamoto war destroyed the Heian regime, driving the Fujiwara from power -The Taira were defeated by the Minamoto, creating a new government known as the shogunate.

27. Feudal Japan -Minamoto established decentralized military government. -again emperor was a figurehead. Real power belonged to the shogun -Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates governed japan -feudal system: shogun shared power with landowning warlords call daimyo. Both came from warrior class known as the samurai and followed the strict code of Bushido -Upper class women had less opportunities than in Heian Japan -Kamakura shoguns kept order and repelled Kublai Khans invasions -Ashikaga were politically weaker and allowed greater decentralization. -trade and commerce flourished as new merchant class emerged -urbanization proceeded rapidly -Zen, a new form of Buddhism, proved popular and affected cultural practices -starting in the mid 1400s, series of civil wars began tearing Japan apart.

28. Korea and Vietnam -like Japan, Korea and Vietnam were influenced culturally and religiously by China: -Chinese ideograms influenced writing systems of Japan, Korea and Vietnam -religion was mainly Confucianism and forms of Buddhism -korean kingdoms united the entire peninsula and was a close ally of the Tang. It collapsed when the Tang fell -Koryo had ties with the Song but was invaded by the Mongols -The kingdom of Joseon had close ties with Ming China -Vietnamese state formed close ties with Tang China and at some points were under Chinese rule, paying tribute or allying with China -widespread practice of rice-paddy farming -wet cultivation of rice- lead to increase in crop yields and spread to other parts of Asia, having a agricultural and environmental impact on vast portions of Asia.

29. Southeast Asia: Khmer (500s - 1454 BC) and Srivijayan Empires (500s-110s) -Khmer Empire in Cambodia and Laos reached its peak during the Angkor period. Angkor rulers were militarily aggressive and expanded the Khmer state into parts of Burma and the Malay peninsula -India primarily influenced culture and religion of the Khmer: adopted Hinduism and Buddhism -In the 1400s when Cambodia was conquered by Thailand, the Khmer state collapsed -Srivijayan Empire in the Indonesian islands, expanded and gained control of the maritime trade routes between Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. -also influenced by India accepting Hinduism and Buddhism -known for architectural legacy of the Borobudur Buddhist temple complex -after 1400, the economic powerhouse of SE Asia was Malacca. It connected the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. First it was conquered by China then the Thais.

30. Delhi Sultanate(1022 - 1526) Afghan Muslim armies began the unification of Northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate by 1206, a monarchy with the sultan as ruler. It was technically part of the Abbasid Caliphate, but it fell in in 1258 while the Delhi Sultanate continued to grow until the 1350's. The official religion was Islam, which caused tensions with the Hindus. Early rulers were harsh as far as religion was concerned, but even as they became less severe, disputes were still common between the two groups. Women gained more rights such as ownership of property and the ability to divorce and remarry. However, this only applied to Muslim women, not Hindu women. After the 1350's the Delhi Sultanate began breaking off, beginning with the South. Some of these areas became states of their own , such as Bengal and Gujarat. The latter became an important trading city. The shrinking was aided by the 1398 invasion of Delhi by Timerlane, who destroyed the city after a year. The sultanate later fell to Mongal invasions by Babur after the Battle of Panipat.

31. MughalIndia (1526 - 1739) While the Mughals rulers were Muslims, they were more religiously tolerant than their predecessors, allowing Hindus and Buddhists to practice without paying taxes. A certain percentage of government officials were always Hindu. They encouraged diffusion of culture, usually Indian and Persian styles, in their arts and literature. Because of their religion and advanced military technology, the Mughals are often compared to the Ottomans and the Safavids. Upperclassman women gained the ability to own land, start businesses, and earn money. Education was permitted. However the practice of sati remained and the subservient role women had to play to their husbands. The Empire began to decline after Akbar's great grandson Aurangzeb took power. Abandoning religious tolerance, he forced Islam on his subjects and caused internal tensions and the breaking away of provinces. In 1739, Delhi was invaded again by an Iranian and the that was the end of the Mughal Empire. • Babur established the Mughal Empire. The empire was able to expand southwards with Babur's grandson Akbar the Great. Besides conquest, Akbar, centralized the government, established a bureaucracy and gave fair taxes & legals codes.

32. Influence of the Europeans(1500's – 1700's) During the Mughal Empire, India was advanced and strong enough to balance the power of the Europeans who began arriving at the 16th and 17th century. The creation of permanent European trading centers, such as the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company made profits steer towards the Europeans. While their influence in the beginning was at the coastal trading ports, they were able to spread inwards using military force, especially sepoys. During the 1740's and 1750's, the British East India Company and French desired complete control of India. Only the former did anything about it. After Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British defeated the Mughals and easily took over the declining empire. India was controlled by the semiprivate company who would exploit Indian for economic reasons. This continued until the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, which was caused after rumors that the muskets that the Indian soldiers used were greased with animal fat. This offended the Muslims and Hindus both and caused them to rebel. It failed and convinced the British to take total control of India.

33. 1450-1750 CE China, Japan, Southeast Asia

34. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 - By 1450 its population had recovered from the war and disease of the previous Yuan period -Strong in the arts and intellectually as well as a revival in Confucianism -The first European explorers began to arrive during this period and trade ties were established since China was too large and powerful to be conquered -During the 1600s the dynasty began to decline rapidly as the government decentralized due to weak leaders -Spanish silver led to inflation of the precious metal in China, leading to economic collapse -The population also outgrew the crop supply especially with lessening agricultural yields -Peasant revolt from 1636 to 1644 led to the collapse but the Manchus from the north took over China soon after.

36. Japan- Civil War and Unification -although Japan had shoguns, or military rulers who served the emperor, Japan was becoming more and more decentralized, leading to the rise of feudalism -In the 1460s there was a period of civil war, or Era of Independent Lords -In the 1540s Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch traders arrived and Japan's weak state allowed for much foreign influence and the spread of Christianity -Japan reunited over the course of 55 years with several warlords taking control. -Tokugawa Ieyasu fully unified Japan in 1615 and the Tokugawa Shogunate would last for over two centuries

37. Tokugawa Shogunate (Great Peace/Pax Tokugawa)1603-1868 -Tokugawa ruled with a dictatorship and rigid class structures. The emperor continued to act as the figurehead. -There was an emphasis on Confucianism -weapon owning restrictions were put into place to promote peace -women were not allowed to be educated and were told to participate in artistic and cultural activities -However, men and women were treated more equally in the lower classes but as in the past, female children were less valued and were killed or sold as a prostitute. -During the unification of Japan, there was a restriction on foreign access, continuing on in the Tokugawa Shogunate -The isolationist policy led to only one part allowed for foreign traders, like in China, called Nagasaki until the 1720s -Overall, the Tokugawa rule restored peace to Japan as well as aiding population growth, agricultural production, urbanization, and economic growth. The culture remained very traditional with some European influence. There was a rise in the merchant class and the samurai found it difficult to function in society as there was no need for war and in a modernizing environment.

38. Southeast Asia -The Europeans (the Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, and Spanish) took over what areas they could (Malacca, Goa, Sri Lanka) and traded with the others. -Buddhism and Hinduism were the dominant religions in the area with Islam becoming the major faith in Indonesia

39. Southeast Asia 1750 - 1900 Synopsis: -Western influences in Southeast Asia and countries policies in reponse -Colonization in parts of Southeast Asia

40. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644-1911 -the Manchu were warlords who continued their conquests after taking ahold of China, taking lands such as Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam, and a large amount of Central Asia -Trade with Europeans was one with high amounts of exporting (with tea being its main good) but little importing, giving China the upper hand -Trading with foreigners was limited to Canton as the Qing rule limited foreign contact greatly to prevent outside influences such as Christianity and the mindset that the Chinese were superior to the Europeans (Leads to the Opium Wars in the 17th century) -Led to being behind the West in technology and science -the Qing rulers also did not do anything about the population rising faster than China could support, leading to extreme poverty

41. Qing Dynasty’s decline • China • The Chinese continued to follow Confucianism and Buddhism and tried to resist the spread of Christianity • Internal conflicts like the White Lotus Rebellion(1794-1804) and Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) against the Qing (Manchurian rulers). Effects: A weakened military and agricultural devastation, more than 20 million • External conflicts: • Opium wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) - China had exported many products to the West rapidly but resisted Western influences and imports. Thus the British sought to get the Chinese addicted to opium. When the Qing emperor resisted the opium sales, Britain started the opium wars. French also supported Britain in the 2nd opium war. (Britain won) -Britain imposed reparations against the Qing Dynasty through the Treaty of Nanking (1842) and following treaties. By 1900, more that 90 ports were forced to open to Western residents and traders and trade bans on opium abolished. These residents were given extraterritoriality rights. Britain forcibly attained the most-favored-nation status. • The empire soon shrunk due to these factors and by 1895 China had lost Taiwan and the Pescadores islands to Japan due to the Sino-Japenese war (beginning in 1894) in Korean territory.

43. Japan • Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, there was a stratified rigid Japanese society that refused Western influence. • The Japanese, like the Chinese, resisted trade with the West at first. However, upon Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival (1853-1854) with a commanding US fleet the Japanese realized they had to industrialize. In 1854, the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa that opened two trading ports. By 1860, several Western countries were granted trade and extraterritoriality. • The people were angered by the Tokugawa Shogunate’s concessions and sought help from the young emperor Mutsuhito. Emperor Mutsuhito began the Meiji era. • In the Tokugawa Shogunate, the rule had been a military dictatorship. In contrast, in the Meiji era, Japan adopted the German model of government, required all Japanese children to attend school, and encouraged studying abroad. • Emperor Mutsuhito appeased his people and reduced Western control in Japan by ridding foreigners of extraterritoriality on the grounds that their government was Westernized. • Japan started to rise as an imperial power.

44. Southeast Asia- In Vietnam, in the 1840s, the anti-Christian ruler killed 7 French missionaries. In retaliation, Napoleon the 3rd and his army conquered S. Vietnam. Later they annexed N.Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and called it French Indochina. - As in other colonies, economies relied on a few cash crops. -This region consisted of Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Buddhist groups which would later lead to religious conflicts. -The British captured Burma(modern day Myanmar), and Malaysia. - The Dutch continued to control Java, Sumatra, Bali, parts of Borneo, Celebes and Moluccas.

46. India Under Imperialism(1800's - 1947) Depending on their economic advantages, the British ruled more directly in urban areas than rural area, where local rulers were allowed to stay. The British expanded their economic exploitation from cotton to other industries like opium, tea, silk, and sugar. The British modernized India by building roads, railways, a telegraph system, and a postal service. Western-style schools were created. Old Hindu cultures were demolished. However, poverty was the norm for most Indians. Jobs were low paying and had bad conditions. With this modernization arose a class of nationalist middle class intellectuals who desired independence from Britain, including Mohandas Gandhi.

47. 1900-Present

48. Japan gains control of Russia's influence in Manchuria and Korea during the Russo- Japanese War (1904). In 1931, Manchuria is renamed Manchukuo. The League of Nations refused to acknowledge Manchukuo and orders Japan to leave Manchuria and in 1933, Japan leaves the League of Nation • Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945): • Japan attacks China and quickly seizes coastal cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. • The Chinese were treated brutally by the Japanese

49. Japan during World War II: Japan, still in a war with China, wanting to gain control of East Asia, fights on the Axis side with Germany on the Pacific Front. • July 1941- Because Japan had started to invade Europe’s southeast Asian colonies, the US stops shipping Japan supplies such as steel , scrap iron, and oil. Japan decides to expand even more rather than giving up the colonies as America wanted them to. These colonies had oil, rubber and other materials which the Japanese needed. • December 1941-Japan decides to attack the United States. • Pearl Harbor- Japanese planes bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor. • April 1942- American planes bombed Tokyo • June 1944- America bombs Japanese submarines, wanting to cut off Japan from raw materials and oil • August 1945- Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

50. Communist China • 1949- Mao Zedong and the communist party defeats the naationalists and establishes the People’s Republic of Chinaa 1958- Great Leap Forward: Mao’s plan to transform China into an egalitarian society • Mass-collectivization in agriculture • Increase steel production (encouraged the Chinese to build back-yard furnaces) • Steel produced in backyard furnaces were to weak and could not be used • Because people have been working on the backyard furnaces they did not spend as much time on the field, food was not being harvested. 1966-Cultural Revolution: • After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao had to resign from his position as Head of State, even though he was still popular • Mass mobilization of Chinese Youth in to Red Guard units • Return to basic principles of the revolutionary movement