Using and Citing Sources: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

1. Using, Citing, and Integrating Sources Information taken from (1) Saint Michael’s College Online Writing Center and (1) Loyola Marymount New Orleans

2. Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing • Direct Quotations: • Taking the exact words from a text and using it within your essay • Keep the exact language and format • Paraphrasing • Putting someone else’s words and ideas into your own words • Must change the language and format • Summarizing • Condensing a long text or idea into a short sentence or two • Must change the language and format

3. YOU MUST ALWAYS CITE IDEAS AND WORDS THAT ARE NOT YOUR OWN!

4. When Should I Use Quotations? • To show/present evidence from a text • When you cannot aptly put text into your own words* • **Otherwise, you should paraphrase or summarize

5. Introducing Quotations • Never drop a quotation into your writing • WRONG: T.S. Eliot, in his "Talent and the Individual," uses gender-specific language. "No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists" (Eliot 29).

6. Introducing Quotations • Use signal phrases to guide your reader • T.S. Eliot, in his "Talent and the Individual," uses gender-specific language. He argues, for instance, that "no poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists" (Eliot 29). • T.S. Eliot, in his "Talent and the Individual," uses gender-specific language: "No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists" (Eliot 29).

7. Signal Phrases • Arthur Hardy, a renowned expert on New Orleans Carnival traditions, points out that “Mardi Gras came to North America from Paris, where it had been celebrated since the Middle Ages.” • Racial profiling “makes a mockery of the rights to which people in this country are entitled,” claims columnist Colbert I. King. • Sir Winston Churchill offers this wise advice: "If you are going through hell, keep going.” • Sheffield answers her critics by conceding, “The proposal did not account sufficiently for the economic downturn.”

8. Some Examples Signal Phrases • According to Author 1, • As stated by Author 2, • [Paraphrase here], notes Author 1 in his article on creativity. • The philosopher Hume asserted that … Reporting Verbs • acknowledges, contends, declares • claims, objects, suggests, believes, notes, thinks • concludes, observes, writes • replies, responds, reports, • states, argues, posits

9. Signal Phrases • Signal phrases and attributors may come anywhere within your sentence—at the beginning, to introduce a quotation; in the middle of a quotation; or at the end, after the quotation has been given. • Is the author you are quoting merely saying something? Or would it be more accurate to write that the source is arguing a point, making an observation, reporting facts, drawing a conclusion, refuting an argument, or stating a belief? Choose the verb that makes the author’s stance clear.

10. Shortening Quotations • Use a phrase and weave it into your own sentence • RIGHT: I find it striking that though "women novelists have probably dominated American literature since the middle of the nineteenth century," our literary tradition is still incredibly gender specific (Schweickart 201).

11. Paraphrasing • Always cite the source even if you are not giving a direct quotation • RIGHT: Shweickart points out that women have had a strong voice in literature since the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, it is striking that our literary tradition is still so gender specific (Schweickart 209). • This is a great way to introduce long quotations you would like to use: paraphrase then direct quote

12. In-Text Citations • Use author last name and page number in parentheses • Many people are accustomed to analyzing traditional texts, but “digital texts may call for additional points of analysis” (Barnet and Bedau 407). • If there is no page number, skip it. • Period goes after parentheses if ending sentence with the quotation!

13. Responding to Quotations • Always explain and analyze the quotation. • If “we begin by considering why we dislike or like something, we are then in a position to go on – first explaining to ourselves and then to others what the reasons are for our judgements” (Barnet and Bedau 407). When making a judgment about a piece of media, we must be able to understand our own perspective of why we hold those judgements. Being able to explain our position enables us to be critical thinkers, while demonstrating the ability to rhetorically analyze. • Do not start or end a paragraph on a citation/quotation, even if it is paraphrased; these (topic sentence + analysis) should be your voice.

14. Works Cited • What is its purpose? • To show a list of sources that you (or others) have used and cited when researching and writing • All sources must be displayed • This will take a different shape than an APA style bibliography or Chicago style footnotes and endnotes. • Should be last page of essay/document entitled Works Cited

15. Resources + More Information • OWL at Purdue • Will show you basics of MLA formatting • Will show you how to cite: more than one author, non-traditional texts, etc • Citation machines • GOOGLE IT! • “How to cite tweet in-text / in works cited page”