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RTV 440 Sound and Miking

Explore the intricate world of sound waves, miking techniques, and audio mixing concepts. Delve into issues like compression, equal loudness principle, and microphone directional patterns. Discover the nuances of sound frequency spectrum and microphone types to elevate your audio production skills. Whether you're in a studio setting or filming on location, this comprehensive resource covers essential knowledge and practical applications in the realm of sound engineering.

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RTV 440 Sound and Miking

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  1. RTV 440Sound and Miking

  2. Sound in an environment • Sound wave • Compression / rarefaction • Frequency / Measured in hertz • Amplitude / Measured in decibels (db-spl) • AM/FM, kHz / MHz (r.f.) • Attack/sustain (internal dynamics)/decay -- sound envelope • Acoustics / Psychoacoustics / binaural hearing • Absorbed / Reflected • Direct / Indirect (echo & reverberation)

  3. Some issues with sound • Equal loudness principle--depending on loudness we don’t hear low and high frequencies as well as we hear middle • Masking--Hiding of some sounds by other sounds by other sounds when each is a different frequency and they are presented together. Loud over soft / lower-pitched over higher • Acoustical phase--the time relationship between two or more sound waves at a given point in their cycles • Timbre--a sound’s unique tone quality or tone color

  4. Acoustical issues • Ergonomics – human element in designing room • Sound Absorption and Reflection • Diffusion--scattering of sound waves • Diffraction--spreading or bending • Resonance--vibration of an object at the same frequency as the original body’s frequency • Lively or Dead Room • Isolation

  5. Sound Frequency Spectrum • Bass • Low bass, 1st & 2nd octaves, 16-64 Hz • Upper bass, 3rd& 4th octaves, 64-256 Hz • Midrange • 5th, 6th & 7th octaves, 256 - 2,048 Hz • Upper midrange: 8th octave, 2,048 - 4,096 Hz • Treble • 9th & 10th octaves, 4,096 - 16,384 Hz • 20 to 20,000 Hz, sort of

  6. ‘Hearing Test’ • High frequency test • Range of frequencies (oscillator) • 10 – 200 Hz • 22 kHz down to 8 kHz • C Scale notes

  7. Mics -- Converting Sound • Sound Frequency Spectrum • Bass, midrange, treble • Frequency / Hertz • Amplitude / decibels • Acoustics • Direct / indirect sound • Echo / reverberations

  8. Microphone Directional Patterns • Omnidirectional / nondirectional • Unidirectional / Directional/ cardioid • Super, hyper, ultra • Bidirectional • (see reading for diagrams)

  9. Applications of polar patterns • Football miking • News live shot • Basketball game • Studio interview • News anchor • In audio recording studio • Shotgun boom pole

  10. Cardioid range • Cardioid • Supercardioid • Hypercardioid • Ultradirectional • Shotgun mic

  11. Professional Mic types • Moving coil/dynamic • Ribbon • Capacitor/condensor (power source) • Electret condensor • Transducer – changes energy from one form to another – in this case sound waves into an electrical current

  12. Mics on cameras • +48v ONLY for mics that require phantom power (some of the shotguns) • Line vs. mic input • XA 20 cameras – Audio Technica mini plug mics • Always use lavalier for close up audio

  13. More about mics and sound • Common audio connectors • RCA (phono), ¼” (phone), mini-plug, XLR • Jack (‘female’) vs. plug (‘male’) • Firewire, HDMI, etc. • Close vs. distant miking • Cross-pair, mid-side, coincident (stereo) • Wide – range of frequencies • Flat – accurately recreates frequencies • Colored response – changes frequencies (lavaliere boosts high frequencies, for example

  14. Close miking when you can’t get close • Visible mics • What kinds of productions • ‘dressing the mic’ • Hidden mics • Under clothing, in set pieces • Wired vs. wireless • Boom pole • Fishpole, giraffe, perambulator • Looping / ADR • High percentage of TV and movie content

  15. Common mic types • lavaliere • headset • handheld • studio/boom mounted • TV boom • Perambulator boom, giraffes, fishpole • PZM (boundary mic)

  16. Audio Mixing • Three things you mix • Sources, techniques, aesthetics • ProTools or Adobe Audition (DAW) • Stereo or multi-track recording • 5 console functions • Amplify, switch, route, mix, balance • Various console inputs • Layering, in moviemaking

  17. Other console terms • Program / Audition • Monitor vs. cue • Master pot • VU meter / PPM (analog / LED) • Muting system • Foldback (IFB note) • Pad / trim / gain / AGC • Pan Pot • Submixer & pre-amp

  18. Other audio mixing terms • Compressor • Limiter • Equalizer (EQ) • Filters • High pass, low pass, band pass, notch • Stereo vs. multi-track recording • Basics of multi-track / mixdown

  19. Three things you mix... • Music • Production library, royalty-free loops • BMI, ASCAP, SESAC • blanket license vs. ‘needle drop’ • SoundExchange fees • SFX -- Production library, Foley • Voice • Narration vs. dialogue • Straight voice, VO/music, donut, jingle ### • Teams go record sounds, due before 5:00 -->

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