Kidney Dialysis and Transplants

1. Kidney Dialysis and Transplants • Objectives: *Describe the process of dialysis and explain how it controls the concentration of glucose, urea and protein in the blood **Describe the working of a kidney dialysis machine ***Describe the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant compared with dialysis

2. The three ways homeostasis is maintained are Thermoregulation by ……. Osmoregulation by…….. Blood glucose regulation by ……

3. The working kidney • Filters 150L of blood per day • Entire blood within the body filtered once every 45 minutes • Produces 1.5 – 2 L urine per day

4. Problems with the kidneys • Kidney stones • High salt and minerals in your diet can lead to stones precipitating out • Extremely painful • Have to be excreted from the body in the urine • Renal damage / failure • The kidney is no longer able to filter the blood effectively • Plasma not properly reabsorbed • Proteins and cells pass through bowman’s capsule • Presence of protein in urine is a sign of kidney failure

5. Living without kidneys • A person can survive with only 1 kidney • However, no working kidneys  death • How do we know kidney is not working? • Options: • Dialysis • Transplantation

6. Dialysis machine

8. Dialysis • The blood vessels in the arm are connected to a dialysis machine. • In the dialysis machine a person’s blood flows between partially permeable membranes. • The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful substances as the blood. • This ensures that glucose and useful mineral ions are not lost. • There is a high concentration of urea in the person’s blood, and no urea in the dialysis fluid. • There is a concentration gradient of urea between the blood and the dialysis fluid. • Urea passes out from the blood into the dialysis fluid by diffusion. • Treatment by dialysis restores the concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels. • It has to be carried out at regular intervals.

10. Transplantation • Organ removed from either dead person or living person if not an essential organ • Inserted and connected to patient • Damaged organs sometimes removed • Donor organs not always connected into position of old organ

11. Transplantation

12. Advantages / disadvantages