World History Final Review

1. World History Final Review Creamer

2. Nomads Highly mobile people who move from place to place searching for food.

3. Prehistory Time period before written records

4. Rivers The early civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Phoenicia settled on river valleys because they needed water for agriculture, transportation, and hygiene.

5. Hammurabi’s Code One of the oldest codes of law Came out of Mesopotamia

6. Pharaoh Ruler in ancient Egypt considered both king and god

7. Ancient Israelites (Hebrews) Believed in one true God, and that each event in their life reflects God’s plan.

8. Monotheism Worship of one god

9. Cuneiform Ancient writing system of the Mesopotamians (Sumerians)

10. Asoka Emperor and ruler of ancient Indian Mauryan empire. Brought peace and prosperity and helped unite the diverse people in India.

11. Gupta Dynasty This Indian dynasty enjoyed a long golden age or period of great cultural achievement from 320 CE to 550 CE.

12. Caste System In traditional Indian society, this is an unchangeable social group into which a person is born.

13. Hinduism Has no single founder and no single sacred text.

14. Buddhism and Hinduism Both believe in nonviolence, karma, dharma, moksha, and reincarnation.

15. Mandate of Heaven Zhou rulers used the Mandate of Heaven to justify the overthrow of the Shang dynasty in 1027 BCE. It is a divine right to rule China

16. Confucianism Chinese religion that teaches that harmony results when people accepts their place in society. It stresses 5 key relationships among family and friends. It taught how to ensure social order and good government, and also that everyone had duties and responsibilities.

17. Polis City-state in ancient Greece

18. Socrates Greek philosopher who wrote no books, but lounged around the marketplace, asking his fellow citizens about their beliefs. He posed a series of questions to people and challenged them to examine their answers.

19. Plato Socrate’s student Set up the academy Argued importance of reason

20. Aristotle Plato’s most famous student Believed in good conduct Set up a school called Lyceum

21. Alexander the Great Macedonian King Aristotle’s student Greatly expands empire and creates Hellenistic cultlure

22. Cultural Diffusion the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point Example: Alexander the Great spread Greek culture and other cultures he came into contact with through conquering other countries, nations, and cities. He is credited with Hellenistic Culture which is a mixture of: Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Indian cultures

23. Christianity Began in ancient Rome Apostles of Jesus Christ spread his message after his death.

24. Justinian’s Code Not content with merely reclaiming lands, Justinian also respected the laws of ancient Rome. In order to cement them into his time and his Empire, he called for all of Rome's ancient laws to be recorded. In doing this, Rome's ancient laws, also known as the Twelve Tables, were broken down into categories. Outdated laws were done away with, and complex laws were simplified. Desiring the Empire to thrive, Justinian also added new laws dealing with the fair treatment of those within the Empire. For instance, one of his laws held that a person is innocent until proven guilty. This one should be very familiar to anyone who has sat in a history class or watched a TV cop show. Justinian's new laws, together with the laws of ancient Rome, are known today as the Corpus of Civil Law or Justinian's Code of Laws. Completed around the year 529, these laws have formed the basis for the judicial systems of the Western world.

25. Polytheism Worship of many gods

26. Mongols Genghis Khan united the Mongols.

27. Muhammad Islam is based on the teachings of the prophet…

28. Quran Holy book of Islam

29. Islam Which religion contains elements of prayer, meditation, “submission to the will of Allah,” and the teachings of Muhammad?

30. Choice of a Leader Split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims began with a disagreement over…

31. GOLD By the 1500’s the most important elements of African Trade with Europeans was…

32. Chief goal of the Crusades Conquer the Holy Land

33. Belief in one God What is a belief shared by all three Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.

34. Military Service Under feudalism, lords grant land to knights in exchange for what?

35. What is this a picture of?

36. What is this a picture of?

37. Incas Which of the following peoples united their empire with a road system that extended more than 12,000 miles?

38. The fall of the Aztec Empire In November 1519, Cortes and his men arrived in Tenochtitlan, where Montezuma and his people greeted them as honored guests according to Aztec custom (partially due to Cortes’ physical resemblance to the light-skinned Quetzalcoatl, whose return was prophesied in Aztec legend). Though the Aztecs had superior numbers, their weapons were inferior, and Cortes was able to immediately take Montezuma and his entourage of lords hostage, gaining control of Tenochtitla. The Spaniards then murdered thousands of Aztec nobles during a ritual dance ceremony, and Montezuma died under uncertain circumstances while in custody. Cuauhtemoc, his young nephew, took over as emperor, and the Aztecs drove the Spaniards from the city. With the help of the Aztecs’ native rivals, Cortes mounted an offensive against Tenochtitlan, finally defeating Cuauhtemoc’s resistance on August 13, 1521. In all, some 240,000 people were believed to have died in the city’s conquest, which effectively ended the Aztec civilization. After his victory, Cortes razed Tenochtitla and built Mexico City on its ruins; it quickly became the premier European center in the New World.

39. Renaissance The term means “rebirth” and was an era in which Europeans experienced revival in the classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome among artists, architects, philosophers, political thinkers, and scientists.

40. Machiavelli This Renaissance political thinker wrote “The Prince” and wrote about use of political power amongst rulers.

41. Renaissance The city of Florence was most influential during the…

42. Leonardo da Vinci This man was a Renaissance artist and his most famous work is Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

43. Michelangelo Renaissance painter, sculptor, and builder. Most famous works are the statue “David” and painting the Sistine Chapel.

44. Father of Humanism Petrarch

45. Renaissance Humanism This focused on secular achievements.

46. Printing Press Invented by Johan Gutenberg Makes printing material faster Spreads Renaissance throughout Europe Spreads Protestant Reformation throughout Europe. Spreads Martin Luther’s 95 Theses Spreads Henry VIII’s English Reformation

47. Martin Luther 10/31/1517, this man nailed his 95 theses to a church door and criticized the corrupt church officials for the sale of indulgences. He started the Protestant Reformation

48. The Catholic/Counter Reformation The Protestant Reformation prompted a response from the Catholic Church known as…

49. Henry VIII Responsible for the English Reformation which is a part of the Protestant Reformation, which challenges teachings of the Catholic Church Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife because she could not give him a son (male Heir) .The pope refused the divorce so Henry broke with the church and created the Church of England.

50. Christopher Columbus He believed he could reach India from Europe if he sailed west. He discovered the Americas instead.