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U.S. Immigration in the Modern Era

U.S. Immigration in the Modern Era. 1950s - 2010s. Mostly Open Borders from 1790 - 1860. British German Irish %B+G+I 1820s 27,489 (18.1%) 7,729 (5.1%) 54,338 (35.8%) 59% 1830s 75,810 (12.7%) 152,454 (25.5%) 207,381 (34.6%) 72.8%

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U.S. Immigration in the Modern Era

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  1. U.S. Immigration in the Modern Era 1950s - 2010s

  2. Mostly Open Borders from 1790 - 1860 British German Irish %B+G+I 1820s 27,489 (18.1%) 7,729 (5.1%) 54,338 (35.8%) 59% 1830s 75,810 (12.7%) 152,454 (25.5%) 207,381 (34.6%) 72.8% 1840s 267,044 (15.6%) 434,626 (25.4%) 780,719 (45.6%) 86.6% 1850s 423,974 (16.3%) 951,667 (36.6%) 914,119 (35.2%) 88.1% 1860s 606,896 (26.2%) 787,468 (34.0%) 435,778 (18.8%) 79%

  3. 1860s – 1950s Immigration Explosion and Global Diversity Large scale immigration from eastern and southern Europe • Immigration Act of 1882 • National Origins Quotas of 1924 • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Japanese Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907 • Asia Barred Zone of 1917 Large scale immigration from China, Japan, other Asia • Repatriation Act, 1929 – 1936 • Operation Wetback, 1954 • Bracero Program, 1946-1964 Large scale immigration and laborers from Mexico

  4. 1940s - 1950sA Beginning of Transformation in the US Civil Rights Movements African Americans Asian Americans Chicanos / Latinos Women Laborers Younger / Older Citizens Persons with Disabilities LGBTQ Others WW II

  5. Addressing Anti-Asian Racism • 1943: Magnuson Act • This act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 after 60 years • 1952: McCarran-Walter Act • This act extended the “national quota” system as the basis for immigration, favoring northern and western Europeans. • It also repealed the “Asiatic-Barred Zone”, allowing each Asian Nation a token 100 immigrants per year.

  6. A World Leader Remembers theSpirit of Lady Liberty • 1948: Displaced Persons Act • Admitted 200,000 European persons displaced by Nazi persecution • 1953: Refugee Relief Act • Admitted 214,000 persons, mostly eastern Europeans whose countries were being overtaken by communism. • 1962: Refugee Assistance Act • Authorized aid to refugees designated by the President; aid to refugees in the U.S. who fled from a Western Hemisphere nation, cannot return because of fear of persecution, and are in urgent need of assistance • 1975: Indochina Refugee Assistance Act • Authorized aid to refugees from mostly Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos following the Vietnam War.

  7. 1965 Immigration and Nationality ActA Law that Will Change America • This act abolished the “national origin quota” system that had given preferences to northern and western Europeans. • It established an immigration system that would give preferences to • persons with family members already in the US • persons with job skills that would be helpful to the US • Hard numerical limits were placed on immigration from countries in the western hemisphere.

  8. Let’s detour a bit and look atMexican Immigration to the US ➽ 4 Time Periods • 1850 -1900 • 1900 -1940 • 1940 -1970 • 1970 - 2019

  9. 1850 – 1900A Soft Border through a Spanish Cultural Region

  10. 1900 - 1940Up and Down Limited Immigration

  11. Nearly 5,000,000 Bracero Guestworkers 1942 - 1964The Bracero Program Changed Everything

  12. 1970 - 2019Massive Unauthorized Immigration

  13. 1970 - 2019Massive Unauthorized Immigration(Pew Research Center)

  14. 1986 Immigration Reform and Control ActA Political Compromise • For Conservatives: • funded a 50% increase in border patrol agents • established punishments for employers who knowingly hired unauthorized immigrant workers • For Liberals: • provided legal status to unauthorized immigrants who had lived crime-free in the US for the past 4 years • provided legal status to unauthorized immigrants who had worked at least 90 days in the agricultural industry (Under this law, 2.7 million unauthorized immigrants gained legal status.)

  15. Following 9-11 (2001) • 2002 Homeland Security Act • Created the Department of Homeland Security • Made obtaining and using US visas much more difficult • Increased funding significantly for border security • Made air flights more complicated • Increased funding significantly for enforcement and deportation activities • And more…

  16. Other Immigration-Related Efforts • 2001 . . . 2017 The DREAM Act • Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act) • This act has not yet been adopted into law • 2012 DACA President Obama Executive Order • Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals • 2018 Trump administration announced that DACA was to be terminated • 2018 Courts ruled that current DACA participants could renew

  17. 2017 President Trump’s Travel Ban

  18. A Wall on the US-Mexico BorderSome History • 1990 The San Diego Fence (14 miles) • 2006 The Secure Fence Act (700 miles)

  19. Visualizing Two Centuries of U.S. Immigration

  20. The Southern Border Crisis Today

  21. The Southern BorderCrisis Today

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