Pregnancy diagnosis, Prenatal care & Genetic counseling

1. Pregnancy diagnosis, Prenatal care & Genetic counseling -----From textbook to application Wei Jiang, M.D. Attending of Ob & Gyn Ob & Gyn Hospital, Fudan University 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai jw52317@hotmail.com

2. Overview Key points Case discussion

3. Pregnancy diagnosis

4. Pregnancy diagnosis • Amenorrhea Other symptoms • Pregnancy tests • Fetal heart tones • Fetal movements • Ultrasound • Estimated date of confinement Add 7 days to the 1st day of the LMP subtract 3 months. Textbook

5. Pregnancy diagnosis • History • Basic information • Age • Gravidity • Parity • Abortuses • LMP • EDC GXPY, or T-P-A-L Example: 3-0-2-1, 1-0-0-2 ???

6. Case 1 • A 28-year-old women, whose LMP was Aug 10, 2012, was refer to our out-patient department. Her menses is 14 5-6/30d. Clinical thinking • What is the most likely diagnosis? • What should be your next steps? • How would you confirm the diagnosis?

7. History • married • 0-0-0-0 • Menstrual: regular, 5-6/30 d

8. Lab test • Urine HCG: + • Ultrasound

10. Prenatal care

11. Prenatal care • Purpose • Ensure an uncomplicated pregnancy for mother and baby • Identify and treat high risk pregnancy early

12. Prenatal care When and what? In our hospital: • 11-14W: NT (nuchal translucency) • 14-20W: serum screening for genetic disease • 18-22W: ultrasound screening for fetal anomaly • 14-20W: amniocentesis • 22-26W: Screening for GDM • 30-34W: Fetal growth measurements • From 35W: NS

13. Loepold’s maneuver Fetal electronic monitoring

14. Loepold’s maneuver First maneuver: Perform the first loepold’s maneuver to identify the fetal lie, which maybe longitudinal or transverse and fetal presentation, which may be cephalic or vertex or maybe breech. To do this,lightly palpate the woman’s upper abdomen to identify the fetal part in the fundus. A

15. Loepold’s maneuver First maneuver: If the part is relatively soft and irregular, you’re palpating the buttocks, if the part feels round and firm, freely moveable, you’re palpating the fetal head. If you feel head or buttocks in the fundus, the lie is longitudinal. Otherwise, the lie is transverse. A Prenatal care

16. Loepold’s maneuver Second maneuver: Next, perform the second maneuver to further identify the fetal presentation. Using the palm of one hand, locate the fetal back by the smooth back convex contour. With the opposite palm, feel for the irregularities that are the feet, hands, and other small parts. B Prenatal care

17. Loepold’s maneuver Third maneuver: Carry out the third maneuver to determine the presenting part, which is the part of the fetals over the pelvic inlet. With the nurse dominant hand, gently grasp the lower pole of the uterus between the nurse’s thumb and fingers, and press in slightly. C Prenatal care

18. Loepold’s maneuver Fourth maneuver: Face the woman’s feet, to perform the fourth maneuver to assess the descent of the presenting part. With the palmar surface of your fingertips, outline the presenting part, which is usually the fetal head. If the presenting part has descended deeply, you may be able to outline only a small portion of it. D Prenatal care

19. Fetal hypoxia

20. Genetic counseling

21. CAUSES OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS 21

22. Who does it? • Masters-level genetic counselors • MD geneticists • Genetic nurse clinicians • other genetic sub-specialists (PhD geneticists, etc.)

23. Methods? • Untrasound • Serum screening • Amniocentesis • Chorionic villus sampling, CVS

24. Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)

25. Umbilical hernia

26. ex utero intrapartum treatment, EXIT

27. Intrauterine transfusion

28. Case 2 Ms. zhang is a 28 year old woman. She is 17 weeks pregnant and this is her first pregnancy. She has a routine blood test at her OB’s office. She is told that it screens for Down syndrome and some other conditions. A week after the test ,she receives a call from the nurse saying she came back “screen positive” for trisomy 18. The nurse tells her the chance her baby has trisomy 18 is 1 in 100. She is referred to a genetic counselor. What is the next step?

29. Roles • Review results of screening test • Obtain pregnancy and family history • Explain the cause and features of trisomy 18 • Discuss further testing options • Facilitate decision making • Follow-up with further testing results • Use counseling skills to help patient cope with test results

30. Thank you