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Fracture Spacing in Miss. Madison Ls. Log Characterization. Acoustic & electrical imaging logs and their interpretative workstations are becoming the subsurface standard for data acquisition, rapidly replacing core.
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Log Characterization • Acoustic & electrical imaging logs and their interpretative workstations are becoming the subsurface standard for data acquisition, rapidly replacing core. • Dipole sonic logs are attempting to quantify fracture occurrence and fracture porosity.
Planar features are expressed by ellipses on borehole walls which are expressed as sine waves Steepness of ellipses reflect the dip magnitude and orientation Apparent strike and dip relate to amplitudes and inflections in sine waves 0 N 90 E 180 S 270 W 360 N BOREHOLE Quantitative Fracture Analysis • For straight hole: • Dip magnitude is proportional to amplitude of sine wave • Dip azimuth is located at minimum of sine wave TD: 530 / 2700 W David Spain (1998)
Faults on FMI Fracture Trace TD: 62/304 Normal fault Striking: N25E-S25W Down to WNW Courtesy of Steve Hansen, Schlumberger
False-Color STAR Image Oil well in granite. RED : Acoustic amplitude GREEN Microtopography : BLUE Resistivity : Open fractures are black Green fracture is filled with somewhat hard, resistive, slightly erodible material. Courtesy A. Lacazette Depths in meters below arbitrary datum.
Different fracture types are different colors in multivariate images. Courtesy A. Lacazette
Spinner flowmeters Temperature logs Noise Logs Production Logging Techniques Lithology Flowrate Perfs FractureWidth Fracture Density and Porosity (Courtesy of Dave Spain)
Fracture Zone Identification Seismic attributes • Single • Multiple
Study Area with 3-d Seismic Coverage Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Amplitude Map Top Socuy Lake Maravaibo, Venezuela Note Fault Traces
3-D Seismic data coherency :delineating faults and fractures(Courtesy of Robert Humphreys) Seismic coherency extracted along horizon TWT horizon Structure map