Regional Workshop “Sustainable and Disaster Resilient Urban Development”

1. Regional Workshop “Sustainable and Disaster Resilient Urban Development” 9th September, 2014 | Ahmedabad, Gujarat Supported under: Comprehensive Capacity Building Program Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India Organised by : Integrated Research and Action for Development

2. THEMATIC AREAS Energy and Power System Urban Infrastructure and Services Climate Change and Environment Poverty Alleviation and Gender Agriculture and Food Security

3. Need for Disaster Resilience and Sustainable Cities • Today India accounts for 17 per cent of the world’s population • Urban population increased from 25.8 million to 377 million in • 2011 residing in 900 cities and 4000 urban agglomerations. • Haphazard and rapid urbanization results in growing vulnerability • to environmental hazards besides that. • Increasing urban population and poverty reduces the capacity and • capability to respond to any climatic and shocks and stress • Besides that Climate change has impacted the frequency and • intensities of the natural hazards

4. Disaster events in India

5. RESILIENCE • Resilience is defined as the capability and capacity to respond to a disasters and ability to bounce back • Fully functioning and sustainable cities more likely to be resilient faster. • Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) & Sustainable Urban Development strategies this involves measuring and monitoring of service delivery. • Resource allocation: Currently, there are no specific agencies or institutions at the city level that oversee main streaming of sustainable and disaster resilient measures ; managing climate change knowledge; or disseminating disaster related information to the general public.

6. Few recommendation to become resilient • Prioritize a climate resilient agenda : Cities need to identify priority activities that respond to their urgent needs for adaptation to climate change. • Rejuvenation of water bodies: Restoration may also help overcome the growing water scarcity also the risk of flooding can be reduced. • Drought and floods can be addressed simultaneously if we look after urban lakes, ponds and wetlands.  • Expertise managing is required as green areas and parks need to be developed for water bodies management so effluents do not accumulate and water quality is maintained. • Climate conscious development and spatial planning: Development planning that incorporates climate change and variability is essential and this should apply to institutions and governments alike.

7. Selected 20 Cities from 14 States Cites for ACCCRN Project • Vulnerability profiles of twenty cities from fourteen states were prepared. • Cities were categorized on the basis of different ecosystem like coastal, hills, riverine, mixed (arid and dry) etc. • Cities with a structured framework for collecting datasets to analyze the factors impacting climate change vulnerability.

8. H Hazards: Physical and Meteorological Indicators • Temperature (Maximum. Minimum) • Precipitation (Maximum. Minimum) • Mean Sea Level • Frequency of Drought • Frequency of Floods • Frequency of Cyclones S • Socio-Economic Indicators • Demographic composition (Sex-Ratio, age structure) • Slum Population (Poverty status) • Literacy rate • Migration flow • Urbanisation trend and urban sprawl I Infrastructure and Urban Services • Water supply • Sewerage system • Solid waste management • Storm water drainage • Transportation • Power • Housing HIGS -Climate Responsive Urban Development G Governance- Institutions • Participatory • Transparency • Accountability • Response efficiency and capability • Innovative financing HIGS Framework A framework named HIGS was developed where “H” is Hazard Exposure; “I” stand for Infrastructure, “G” for Governance and “S” for Socio-Economic variables.

9. UNDP-Review of Six Cities’ Disaster Management Plans IRADe reviewed the City Disaster Management Plan (CDMP) of 6 cities- • Bhubaneswar • Gangtok • Madurai • Trivandrum • Shimla • Vijayawada • Assess the clarity, comprehensiveness, efficiency, appropriateness, and dissemination of disaster management measures as part of city disaster management plan • IRADe made specific recommendations and presented strategies to each city administration on addressing gaps established during the review process to update the existing CDMP

10. MoUD-Sustainable and Disaster Resilient Urban Development project is about…… • Covering 10 city from different sates of India – To develop city level information based on hazards and risks, on who is exposed and who is vulnerable. • 4 regional workshops: Regional workshops for finalizing strategies for disaster resilient cities. • City specific capacity building and knowledge dissemination through meeting with city stakeholders • Provide Information and awareness for qualitative self-assessments to cities in terms of disaster management preparedness • Raising awareness among government officials on natural hazard risks brings officials from a range of city level institutions • Stakeholder consultation and ownership for sensitization • Capacity building of local government officials and city stakeholders including institutions, organizations etc.

11. SELECTED CITIES 10 Cities selected on the basis of different ecosystems and regions • East India- Guwahati, Shillong, Bhubaneswar • West India- Pune, Ahmadabad, Bhopal • South India- Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad • North India- Dehradun, Srinagar

12. Thought Put forth by IRADe through this project

13. Process for Preparation of Report City Profile Natural Hazard Profile Infrastructure status and Land Use City Management and Governance City Visits report – Observations Resilience Assessment and Analysis Recommendations and Concluding remarks

14. Case Study : Ahmedabad Demography and Urbanisation • 5thlargest city and 7th largest urban agglomeration of India • Approximately 13% of the total population of the city lives in slums in the year 2011 Total Population AUDA: 6,352,254, 2011 census Decadal Growth rate (2001-2011):25% Total Slum population(AMC): 7.28 lakh (2011 census) Literacy rate: 86%2011 census) Height from mean sea level: 49 m (MSL)(CDP, Ahmedabad) Topography: Riverine

15. Exposure to Hazards • High exposure to a number of disasters with the highest proneness being to earthquakes, floods and heat waves. • Urban flooding • Reasons : • Heavy rainfall • Topography with less slope • Poor drainage network • Chocked natural drainage system Slope and Topography of AMC Area

16. KEY FINDINGS Population Density and Locations Exposed to Flooding in Past • The storm water drains cover only 23% of the roads. • The newly acquired areas of AMC do not have storm water drainage system because of which areas get flooded. • The central core of the city does not face any water logging issues. • Many old structures where structural quality needs regular assessment. • Residential land use is proposed to be increased in AMC areas which can put more pressure on land and infrastructure services

17. Infrastructure Status in the City Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of urban development. Low: safe Medium: need improvement High: critical

18. Infrastructure Status in the City

19. Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Plan • Ahmedabad city awareness toward disaster resilience and capacity building is appreciable especially after the Bhuj earthquake the state administration has taken many steps in this context. • The Government of Gujarat for the first time in India enacted the Gujarat Disaster Management Act, 2003. • There is a high influence of State Disaster Management Authority on the response and recovery plan for the city. The city administration has police , fire bridge and a control room to handle. • The city administration has implemented the building codes in the cities that are earthquake prone. • In 2013 the state government also launched Heat Action Plan for the city considering the impact of heat waves in the city. • Budget planning done based on past years data/actual requirements • Professional asset valuation and transparent and speedy payment systems through ECS/RTGS to suppliers and contractors.

20. Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Ahmedabad

23. Recommendations • Disaster risk reduction and building resilience should be integrated into city planning to cope with the number of hazards the city is exposed to. • Database management : A disaster timeline for the city with details regarding its impact on human, animal, agriculture and infrastructure should be maintained. • authorities should aim to make its citizens more resilient to impacts at the local level. • A City resilience plan should be prepared for Ahmedabad considering its exposure to hazards and potential to emerge as a major metropolitan city. • Rain water recharge should be made mandatory to revive depleting ground water levels

24. CASE STUDY –PUNE CITY Demography and Urbanisation • Pune city is the second largest metropolitan city in Maharashtra . • It is the 8th largest metropolitan city of India. • The growth rate in the core part of the city is about 2 – 2.5% per year. • The annual growth rate in peripheral wards is about 4.4%. • The total number of slums in Pune are 564 out of which 353 (i.e. 64%) are notified by the municipal body and 211 (36%) are undeclared or un-notified (PMC). • These areas lack basic services and amenities that make the slum dwellers exposed to natural hazards • Population: 5,049,968 (2011) • Decadal Growth rate (2001- • 2011): 30.34% compared to • population as per 2001 • Total Slum population: • 6,90,545 • Literacy rate:91.61 • Sex ratio: 945 per thousand • males • Height from mean sea level • 560 meters (MSL) • Topography: Inland city

25. EXPOSURE TO HAZARDS A ward wise disaster exposure and risk areas in Pune show that most of the wards are exposed to hazards like earthquake, floods, landslides due to construction and fire accidents

26. KEY FINDINGS • Floods have played a critical role in shaping Pune’s character to a great extent • The ongoing urbanization will result in more run- off • The city is also surrounded by dams and overflowing of these dams is the main cause of flooding in Pune • Low lying areas are the major affects of floods. The probability of floods is moderate and intensity is low to moderate. Flood Vulnerability Assessment Map • Pune has always been known for its good climate, but in the last few years the city has been receiving heavy rainfall which has given rise to yearly floods in Pune.

27. Location of slums and flood zones in Pune • There was a net increase of around 5.33% in the built up area • In most of the construction about 40 to 50 % in some wards are weak structures and houses are old types, located in slums • Around 40% of the population lives in slums • These slums lack basic services • The coverage of drains to roads is only 52 percent in the city • Adequacy of the cities treatment capacity of waste water is just 71% which indicates that 29% of wastewater is still untreated and disposed into various streams in the city

28. Infrastructure Status in the City Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of urban development. Low: safe Medium: need improvement High: critical

29. Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Plan • The Government of Maharashtra (GoM) has established a mechanism for disaster preparedness and mitigation by integrating science and technology with communication network facilitates. • A State Disaster Management Action Plan to support and strengthen the efforts of the district administration. • At the apex of the responsibility structure for response plan PMC/PCMC was given charge managing the head of technical team for fire, city engineers and police control room/ officers. • The management plan for disaster is fully functioning and is one of the best initiatives take by the municipal government at ward level • DPR is prepared for Water supply considering the prepared covering augmentation • ULBs have trained staff • The revenue sources of the Corporation may be broadly classified as internal or operating income and external receipts.

30. Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Pune

32. The city is equipped with the technology and knowledge in the field of disaster resilience. • The city has detailed disaster management plan and a response system. • E-governance and improving efficiency of delivery system of urban services is also considered widely

33. Recommendations • Assessment of city growth and infrastructure needs to be carried out. • Detailed feasibility/engineering studies should be carried out for new projects. • Assigning of priorities within the constraint of available financial resources should be taken care of. • The growth in population is also likely to exacerbate the already stressed modes of public transport and will impact other services; hence, planned efforts are required to direct the growth in the right direction. • Government should explore more options in land use planning and suitability. • Strict enforcement of Development Control (DC) rules must be observed. • The major issue in the city is the database management system for past disaster events. There is a need to maintain and update the data for each event regularly. • Physical development and growth are haphazard and uncontrolled. The Development Plan needs to be implemented correctly and reserved lands have to be used for specified purposes.

34. CASE STUDY BHOPAL Demography and Urbanisation • Population of the city increased from 1.02 lakhs in 1951 to 17.96 lakhs in 2011. • Bhopal is a major centre of industries in the region. • Total Population (Census of India-2011):883,381 (2011) • Population Decadal Growth: 25.33% (2001– 2011) • Total Slum population: 4,79,699 (Census 2011) • Literacy rate: 85.24 % • Sex ratio:911 females per thousand males. • Height from mean sea level (MSL): 427 m (MSL) • Topography: Terrain with several hilltops or plateaus

35. EXPOSURE TO HAZARDS • Bhopal, lie in Zone II, where the maximum expected intensity is VI (MSK). • The city has experienced flooding of upper lake in 1973 • In 2006 City experienced 32.1 cm rains within less than 15 hours, a record in 80 years leading to loss of life and property • The city has experienced severe water crises during 2002 & again in 2009 due to drying up of all lakes in the city. • The future water demand projection depending on the population growth rates indicates that water demand in year 2031 for Bhopal city would increase to 536 MLD.

36. KEY FINDINGS • Bhopal city is exposed to the natural hazards like earthquake, floods, water scarcity, and urban floods. • The presence of a large number of industries also makes the city vulnerable to industrial disasters. • The infrastructure in terms of solid waste management and storm water drainage should be improved as the current coverage is only 47% and 60% respectively. • Efficient drainage system would minimize the chances of urban flooding which the city has already experienced twice in the recent years. • Integrated project management covering disaster resilience, adaptation, environment and sustainability, is highly required as the city is being upgraded on all fronts.

37. Infrastructure Status in the City Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of urban development. Low: safe Medium: need improvement High: critical

38. Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Plan • An institutional mechanism needs to be developed which brings all agencies on a common platform such that overlaps, departmental delays, duplication is reduced and faster delivery of projects is ensured • The city lack any formal implementation of the disaster management plan. • It is found that SDMA has not developed City disaster management plan nor disaster preparedness manuals for schools, apartments, govt. offices, Hospitals and commercial buildings. • Recovery of expenditure rendered to public through tax and bills are on lower side and needs transparent and efficient mechanisms. • The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) policy statement there is discussion of dedicated funds for the disaster management activity but whether the funds are made available and utilized in capacity building and awareness exercises is not mentioned.

39. Vulnerability Assessment Matrix for Bhopal Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of urban development. Low: Least vulnerable, Medium: Vulnerable, High: Most vulnerable

41. Data Source: Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of urban development. Low: Least vulnerable, Medium: Vulnerable, High: Most vulnerable

42. Recommendations • For a better governance and optimum available resource utilizationis necessary. • It is recommended that local government should put an effort to formulate the City Disaster Management Plan apart from the Industrial Disaster Management plan . • Data should be updated at regular interval i.e. yearly) at one place so that it can be easily accessed by all the government agencies. • The natural resource component shall also not be ignored in the revised city development plan and adequate budget shall be assigned for it. • A trained workforce for post disaster relief, community interaction, & awareness is recommended. • The capacity building exercises like preparedness drills must be conducted on regular basis. • The catchment areas in the cities should also be managed efficiently to minimize the risk of flooding.

43. A Comparative Overview

44. A Comparative Vulnerability Matrix of Cities

45. Comparative Resilience Matrix : Efficiency of Basic Infrastructure and Services • Data Source:Infrastructure condition assessment is made by comparing SLB data for the cities to the present status of the infrastructure in the city. Data for the other variable is collected from the municipal corporation and city development plan. Other sources are city disaster management authority and city department of urban development. • Low: safe • Medium: need improvement • High: critical

46. Recommendations and Priorities for Action and Strategies • Response &Recovery : Improvement on disaster response system and building strategies for improving recovery system. • Infrastructure Conditions: Infrastructure towards sewerage, solid waste management and drainage must be developed to improve the quality of basic services provided to urban poor. • Government and Institutional Framework: Under government and institutional framework, responsibility should be assigned to update the disaster data with loss figures (impact). There is an urgent need to integrate urban planning to DRR. • Investment and Interventions: From the investment data it has been found that funds are not invested towards BSUP, MSW and sanitation, despite budgetary provisions being made for the same. • Adaptation Strategies: Towards adaptation strategies to build administration for proactive preparedness and trained staff • Interventions are required in early warning system (floods and cyclones) and disaster database update for future reference. • Mitigation Actions: prepared for emergency services and revision of building codes. interventions for the protection of natural resources.

47. Climate Resilience Plan Development of State / Regional

48. THANK YOU Dr. Jyoti K. Parikh jyotiparikh@irade.org C80 Shivalik, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi 110017, Tel: +91 (11) 2668 2226 Fax:2667 6180, Web: www.irade.org