European Exploration and the Conquering of the Americas

1. Exploration and Conquering of Americas PPTInstructions: This activity was designed to help students summarize the information on the notes page of the same name. This activity works best in small groups or pairs so that students have an opportunity to discuss the information and decide what the most important information is to write down. The key questions promote thought about the topic covered.TEKS: WH1D, WH6A, WH6B, WH7A, WH7B, WH7C, WH7D, WH24A, WH27BRBHYS: Summarizing and Note Taking

2. European Exploration and the Conquering of the Americas Jarett Publishing

3. Why the Interest in Exploration? • Asia • Marco Polo’s writings sparked European interest in Asia • Asian goods, especially spices and silk, were sought after in Europe • The Silk Road was cut off by the Ottoman Turks • Renaissance: • A new spirit of inquiry arose • Europeans wanted to explore the oceans • New technology allowed for better navigation, especially the compass and triangular lateen sail Caravel: TAMU.edu What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on European Exploration?

4. The Age of Discovery • Both Spain and Portugal wanted to establish trade with Asia and financed overseas exploration • Spain’s Rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella: • Captured the Muslim areas of Spain • Expelled Spain’s Jewish Community • Reunited all of Spain under Christian Rule • Sought to spread Christianity across the world • Portugal • Prince Henry developed a lighter sailing ship • He sponsored expeditions along the coast of Africa Ferdinand and Isabella wedding portrait, unknown artist Why would European monarchs spend so much money on exploration?

5. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • Sea Captain from Genoa, Italy • Sailed west in 3 ships in hopes of finding a quicker route to Asia • Sponsored by the King and Queen of Spain • Found instead the Americas • This new land brought riches and raw materials to Europe Why would Columbus risk his life to find a new trade route?

6. The Columbian Exchange • Goods from America to Europe: • Tomatoes • Corn • Potatoes • Peppers • Squash • Pineapples • Chocolate • Tobacco • Turkey • Goods from Europe to America: • Wheat • Sugar • Cattle • Horses • Pigs • Sheep • Chickens • Grains

7. What other items might have been exchanged besides food and animals? Wikipedia.com

8. How is this map different from the previous one?

9. Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Impact on the Americas: • New livestock, including cattle, sheep, and pigs, as well as crops from Africa resulted in a change in diet. • Re-introduction of horses led to changes in transportation. • New diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans; slaves from Africa transformed labor systems.

10. Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Impact on Europe: • New foods and plants resulted in a population increase. • The Americas became a valuable source of cotton and sugar, resulting and colonization and plantation systems where primarily forced labor was used, leading to the development of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The impact of the Columbian Exchange pushed beyond Europe into Asia where populations increased due to more nutrient-rich foods.

11. Later Explorers • Vasco de Gama (1460-1524): • Portuguese • Discovered an all water route to India • Sailed around the tip of Africa in 1497 • Ferdinand Megellan (1480-1521): • Portuguese • 1st to sail around the world (1519) What dangers might these men have faced in these voyages?

12. The Conquest of the Americas wikipedia

13. The Conquest of Mexico • 1519: Hernando Cortez sailed from Cuba to Mexico. • The Aztecs first thought the Spanish were gods • 1521 Cortez attacked the Aztecs with the help of other Native Americans. • The Aztecs were defeated mainly because a smallpox epidemic had broke out and killed many of them. The Aztecs surrender to Cortex, The British Library Based on what you know about the Aztecs, why would other tribes help Cortez? The caption means “Now the Mexica (Aztecs) were finished.”

14. The Conquest of Peru • 1530 Francisco Pizarro left Panama to conquer the Incas. • The Incas just had a civil war. • The Spanish pretended to be friendly and ambushed and killed the emperor. Spain won because of their superior technology. • In 1533 Pizarro captured the Inca capital. • The Spanish forced the Inca to become Christian and were used as a labor force. What advantages in technology did the Spanish have over the American natives? Conquistador fighting the Incas

15. Colonial Latin America • Latin America= blend of European and Native American culture • Government: Viceroys (governor) ruled each Spanish province. • Spanish born citizens filled most positions in the government and military. • Gold and silver from the Americas was shipped back to Spain. This made Spain the strongest European power. What problems in governing such a large territory might the Spanish have faced? ushistory.com

16. Colonial Society • Conquistadors: (Spanish Nobles) owned the land • Native Americans: worked the land • Priests: tried to convert the Indians to Christianity and keep them from becoming slaves

17. Colonial Society • After a while this social order developed: • Noble officials and landowners born in Spain (peninsulares): head of colonial society • Spanish people born in the New World (creoles) • Mixed Spanish and Native American people (mestizos) • Native Americans (did most of the hard work) What observations do you have about this social structure?

18. The English Colonies • 1607: English established Jamestown in Virginia • 1620: Pilgrims establish colony in Massachusetts • 1630: The Puritans settle near the Pilgrims • Eventually 13 colonies arose along the Atlantic coast

19. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Disease killed many Native Americans • A new labor force was needed in the New World • In Africa conquering tribes sold their captives to the Europeans Based on the map, which European power acquired the most African slaves?

20. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Grew as a system of slavery from West Africa to the Americas (primarily the Caribbean and Brazil) and changed the social structures. • 15 million Africans were enslaved • 11 million went to Spanish colonies • Many died coming across the Atlantic in what has become known as the “Middle Passage.” • Most male slaves crossed the Atlantic while most female slaves journeyed from West Africa to Southwest Africa

21. Encouraged African Warfare: captured slaves were traded for guns, rum, and other manufactured goods Disrupted African Culture: destroyed Africa’s culture and heritage and led to violence, bitterness, and social upheaval Increased Cultural Diffusion: ideas, good, and cultures were exchanged in Africa and the Americas How has African culture affected American society and culture? Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Africa