Golden fiber production in India: Effect of Nutrient Sources on Microbial Indicators of Soil Tanushree Dutta The Pennsyl

1. Golden fiber production in India: Effect of Nutrient Sources on Microbial Indicators of Soil Tanushree Dutta The Pennsylvania State University

2. China Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Total Area 3.1 million sq km(approx.) Total population 1.12 billion(2008) Source- www.mapsorama.com

3. Indian parliament house, New Delhi Victoria memorial, Calcutta Mumbai, economic capital of India Mahabalipuram temple, Chennai

4. Ladakh, Kashmir Kashmir valley, Heaven on earth Thar, the great Indian desert Araku Valley, Vizag Goa beach Kovalam beach, Kerala

5. Kanchanjangha Sundarban, world’s largest mangrove forest(10,000 Sq.km)

6. Main area of Jute production in India Barrackpore Central research institute of jute and allied fiber (CRIJAF) Source- www.fao.org

7. International Year of Natural Fibers 2009 Vegetable fibers- cotton, jute Natural Fibers Animal fibers-silk, wool

8. Jute: A natural fiber-Biodegradable and eco-friendly Jute crop Jute shopping bag Jute stair carpet Wine bag Jute cushion covers

9. Jute: A Natural Fiber • Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses • Composed of cellulose and lignin • Its falls into the bast fiber category-fiber collected from skin or bast of plants White Jute CorchorusCapsularis Tossa Jute CorchorusOlitorius

10. India- The largest producer of jute goods Data from online source- www.worldjute.com Jute Yield in India Cost Analysis(2005-06) Data source- CRIJAF, India website

11. West Bengal- Highest in jute production in India West Bengal Nearly 50% of raw jute production in India figures alone in West Bengal • Humid climate- temperature between 26 and 38 degrees Celsius(70 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit) and minimum rainfall 1000mm • Availability of raw jute • Low transportation cost • Available labor

12. Stages of Jute cultivation Preparation of land Sowing Weeding Thinning Steeping Harvesting Hoeing and mulching Washing and cleaning Retting Extraction of fiber Preparation for sale Drying

13. Retting and separation of the fiber from the plants Drying after separation of the fiber

14. CRIJAF-Long term experiment • Location- Barrackpore, West Bengal • Indian council of agricultural research (I.C.A.R) sponsored All India Coordinated Research Project, initiated in 1971 • Soil- Gangetic alluvium, sandy-loam texture • Cropping system- Jute-Rice-Wheat CRIJAF, Barrackpore,12-15 miles from Kolkata

15. Jute-Rice-Wheat Cropping system Jute (CorchorusCapsularis, C. Olitorius) Rice (OryzaSativa) Wheat (TriticumAestivum) Sowing to harvest-April to August Sowing to harvest-September to November Sowing to harvest-December to April

16. Goal of the project • To come up with a nutrient combination that can optimize yield as well as can maintain the productivity of soil system for long term • To check if the so called recommended dose of NPK (60-13-50 kg/ha) is appropriate for such intensive cropping system • To strike a balance between nutrient uptake of plants and nutrient reserve in soil- prevent soil mining and land degradation • To avoid oversupply of nutrients to the soil

17. Experiments • Microbial biomass carbon • Microbial activity • Physico-chemical properties

18. Why Microbes? • Soil microorganisms are considered as ‘potential biological indicators’ • Microorganisms quickly respond to any natural/anthropogenic stress occurring in soil

19. Objective To compare the effects of different nutrient levels on physico-chemical and biochemical properties of soil particularly on microbial biomass carbon status and activity

20. Experiment-Microbial Biomass Microbial Biomass-The living part of soil organic matter that constitutes microorganisms having dimensions smaller than 5 to 10 µm3 • Common methods of measurement of microbial biomass carbon in soil • Chloroform incubation method • Chloroform fumigation method

21. Method-Microbial Biomass Chloroform- Fumigation method Soils in vacuum desiccators Chloroform fumigation/Microbial cell lysis Soils defumigated Organic carbon estimation using 0.5(M) K2SO4 Dichromate oxidation to measure organic carbon Principle: Walkley-Black Method 2Cr2O7-2 + 3C0 +16 H+ = 4 Cr3- + 3CO2 + 8 H2O Oxidation of C is achieved by K2Cr207 and H2S04 mixture and the rest of the oxidant is titrated back using 0.04(N) Ferrous ammonium sulphate

22. FIELD LAY OUT-CRIJAF, Barrackpore Randomized block design - Each treatments has four replications E N S W T1- 50% NPK T2- 100% NPK T3- 150% NPK T4- 100% N T5- 100% NPK, 10 ton/ha manure in jute T6- Cultivated, no input T7- Uncultivated, no input 20M 10M Recommended dose for jute 60-13 -50 kg/ha and for wheat and rice 120-26-50 Each small plot measures 20 m*10m

23. Fertilizer and nutrient management Nutrient requirement/100 Kg fiber production Depending on soil fertility status, recommendations for use of fertilizers in kg ha-1 are: (Yield target- 25 to 30 *102 kg ha-1) C. Capsularis C. Olitorius N: 40-80 N: 20-60 P: 20-40 P: 20-40 K: 20-60 K: 20-60

24. Result: Physico-chemical properties Sampling- Soil from CRIJAF, Barrackpore, India at 0-15 cm depth after wheat harvest in 2004

25. Result: Soil available nutrient status

26. Result: Microbial Biomass Carbon Soil disturbance through cultivation alone can adversely effect microbial status of the soil Organic amendment combined with inorganic nutrients can partially make up for the adverse effect of cultivation on microbial status of the soil Ti T1= 50% NPK T2= 100% NPK T3= 150% NPK T4= 100% N T5= T2,10 ton/ha manure T6= Cultivated, no input T7= Uncultivated land a b c c c c c Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level

27. Microbial biomass carbon/organic carbon(%)-Ratio Index Value(RIV) a a a a a a b T1= 50% NPK T2= 100% NPK T3= 150% NPK T4= 100% N T5= T2,10 ton/ha manure T6= Cultivated,no input T7= Uncultivated land Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level

28. Experiment-Microbial Activity Metabolic status of soil Microbial Activity Incubation of moist soil in capped incubation flasks for 24 hours at 28 degree centigrade CO2 evolved trapped in 5 mL NaOH solution Extracted with water Barium chloride (BaCl2) added Incubation flask with a tube with NaOH hanging from upside NaOH left is back titrated with HCl CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3+ H2O BaCl2 + Na2CO3= BaCO3 + 2NaCl NaOH left is titrated back using 0.05(N) HCl

29. Result: Microbial Activity a a T1= 50% NPK T2= 100% NPK T3= 150% NPK T4= 100% N T5= T2,10 ton/ha FYM T6= Control T7= Uncultivated land a ab ab ab b Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level

30. Respiration/Microbial Biomass Carbon (qCO2) T1= 50% NPK T2= 100% NPK T3= 150% NPK T4= 100% N T5= T2,10 ton/ha FYM T6= Control T7= Uncultivated land a a a a a a a Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level

31. Jute Yield (1971-2008) 100%N, Slope=0.4 100%NPK,manure Slope=0.2 Combining organic source of nutrient with inorganic forms of NPK seems to have a beneficial effect on the long term yield

32. Jute under 150%NPK treatment Jute under 100%NPK treatment

33. Summary Yield sustainability Long term fertilizer trial on jute based cropping system revealed that although the yield decreased over time the decrease was less steeper in 100% NPK + manure than all other treatments • Soil health • Both microbial biomass carbon and organic carbon was greater in the plots receiving both manure and inorganic fertilizer indicating improved soil health • Nutrient application is important to maintain the nutrient reserve of soil under such intensive cropping system

34. Conclusion Combined application of inorganic and organic amendments can be considered as a viable approach both to maintain yield as well as to maintain nutrient status and productivity in the long term Jute-An alternative to plastic?

35. Acknowledgement Dr. Richard Stehouwer, my advisor Dr. Marvin Hall Dr. KalyanChakrabarti, my MS thesis advisor My lab group, Calcutta University, India Dr. SudiptaTripathi SabitriKumari AnirbanMajumdar Indrajyoti Mukherjee, my husband My parents

36. Question and Comments

37. Total N, P and K = 0.53 gm, 0.18 and 0.62 in 100 gm manure-no fixed nutrient Jute (percentage NPK) Leaf- 3.3, 0.51, 2.1 Bark-0.42,0.16, 1.2 Wood-0.28, 0.1, 0.6 Rice Grain1.3, 0.27,0.3 Straw0.5, 0.06,1.2 Wheat Grain 2. 0.26, 0.4 Straw0.3, 0.07, 1.6 Also root uptake is there.