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Heat vs Temperature. Heat Form of energy Temperature Measure of the vibration of molecules Response to the input or removal of heat. Specific Heat Capacity. the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 o C measured in calories per gram
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Heat vs Temperature • Heat • Form of energy • Temperature • Measure of the vibration of molecules • Response to the input or removal of heat
Specific Heat Capacity • the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1oC • measured in calories per gram • Specific Heat capacity of water = 1 calorie • Higher than most substances • water resists changing temperature when heat is added or removed
Latent Heat • A change in heat energy that is not detectable as a change temperature • Ex: once water reaches 0oC, a continual removal of heat is required to form ice • Latent heat of freezing • Formation of hydrogen bonds releases heat which must be removed • True in reverse…ice absorbs heat as it melts but does not get warmer (latent heat of melting)
Latent Heat • also true when going from liquid water to water vapor • Latent heat of vaporization • the heat energy is used to break hydrogen bonds • All must be broken to become a gas • Opposite=> heat is released when going from gas to liquid= latent heat of condensation
Water’s Thermal Properties Affect Climate: Moderate Earth’s Climate Fig. 6-8, p. 127
Density and Temperature • Most substances become denser as they get colder • density of water increases as water is cooled until a maximum of 1 g/cm3 is reached at 4oC
Density and Temperature • the density of water drops abruptly as the freezing takes place- hydrogen bonds set up • ice is therefore less dense than water • so ice floats
Seawater vs. Pure Water • the solids dissolved in seawater change its physical properties • they lower the specific heat capacity • they lower the freezing point of water • density increases until freezing point is reached • ice is pure water & cold, salty water left behind sinks
Global Variations in Salinity and Temperature Dry air descends at the Tropics of Cancer/Capricorn and causes excess evaporation
Variation of Salinity with Depth Excess evaporation at the surface Runoff, ice melting, less evaporation at surface Similar salinity at depth
Variation of Temperature with Depth Cold everywhere Sun warms the surface Cold at depth
Density of Water • density is mainly a function of temperature and salinity • density increases as temperature decreases • density increases as salinity increases • colder, saltier water is denser than warm, less salty water
Density Zones in the Ocean • 1. Mixed surface layer • temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth due to waves, currents, winds • 2. Upper layer =a middle layer where density changes rapidly with depth • Pycnocline due to thermocline (and sometimes halocline)
Density Zones in the Ocean • 3. the deep zone • a cold, dense layer on the bottom • average temp =1 to 3oC • contains the bulk of the world’s ocean (80%)