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Electric Vehicles Integrated with Renewable Energy: Storage Solutions and Challenges

This article discusses the potential of plug-in electric vehicles for renewable energy integration, focusing on storage capacity, regulation, reserves, and potential problems such as battery degradation and warranty issues. The text explores the benefits of leveraging electric vehicles for grid storage, including lower emissions and increased renewable energy utilization. It also highlights the challenges associated with convincing owners, infrastructure limitations, and the need for policy changes to address warranty implications. The piece suggests ways to address these challenges, such as smarter charging strategies and improved consumer acceptance. Future standards and communication protocols are considered crucial for successful integration.

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Electric Vehicles Integrated with Renewable Energy: Storage Solutions and Challenges

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  1. Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration Scott Peterson http://www.autobloggreen.com/photos/chevy-volt-concept-1/121574/

  2. Suggested for • Regulation • Spinning Reserves • Non-spinning reserves • Storage

  3. Interesting because • Potentially huge amounts of storage available for the first time • No ramp rate (effectively instantaneous) • Could lower emissions • Could allow greater percentage of non-dispatchable renewables to be integrated

  4. Potential Problems • Have to convince owners • Battery degradation • Loss of warranty coverage • Infrastructure

  5. Storage Capacity • How many vehicles are parked?

  6. Storage Capacity • Lower bound • 4kWh and 60% available • >0.5 kWh per PHEV available (125 GWh for fleet) • Higher bound (24 kWh 90% available) • 4.3kWh per PHEV available (>1TWh for fleet) • Neither includes cars being driven

  7. Storage Capacity (weekday) • Cars that are driven can contribute • Possible amount depends on charging strategy • Probable amount depends on user behavior

  8. New load compared to capacity stored (weekday) 8

  9. Potential Problems: Cost • Battery degradation Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Degradation Resulting from Realistic Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid Utilization," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2385–2392.

  10. Potential Problems: Cost • Battery degradation cost • Dependent on replacement cost

  11. Energy Arbitrage • Possible, but unlikely PJM Profitable days in year Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2377–2384

  12. Potential Problems: Loss of Warranty • Why would auto manufacturers risk V2G? • If they act as arbitrage agent and skim profits then it is possible, but is that what we want? • An analogue to a mileage warranty for a battery should be based on Wh processed or a similar metric (magnuson-moss warranty act)

  13. Low hanging fruit • If excess wind is being spilt it is possible that PHEVs could help avoid this (as long as congestion is not cause) • Charging intelligently, if the battery is charged only then there is not a degradation cost being borne, nor warranty implications. V2G may not work now, but G2V will.

  14. What needs to happen • Communication • possibility is built into J1772 • Future standards will expand on this • Consumer acceptance • start with smarter charging • expand to other areas (backup power) • Warranty issues most likely need policy changes

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