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Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration

Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration. Scott Peterson. http://www.autobloggreen.com/photos/chevy-volt-concept-1/121574/. Suggested for. Regulation Spinning Reserves Non-spinning reserves Storage. Interesting because.

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Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration

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  1. Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration Scott Peterson http://www.autobloggreen.com/photos/chevy-volt-concept-1/121574/

  2. Suggested for • Regulation • Spinning Reserves • Non-spinning reserves • Storage

  3. Interesting because • Potentially huge amounts of storage available for the first time • No ramp rate (effectively instantaneous) • Could lower emissions • Could allow greater percentage of non-dispatchable renewables to be integrated

  4. Potential Problems • Have to convince owners • Battery degradation • Loss of warranty coverage • Infrastructure

  5. Storage Capacity • How many vehicles are parked?

  6. Storage Capacity • Lower bound • 4kWh and 60% available • >0.5 kWh per PHEV available (125 GWh for fleet) • Higher bound (24 kWh 90% available) • 4.3kWh per PHEV available (>1TWh for fleet) • Neither includes cars being driven

  7. Storage Capacity (weekday) • Cars that are driven can contribute • Possible amount depends on charging strategy • Probable amount depends on user behavior

  8. New load compared to capacity stored (weekday) 8

  9. Potential Problems: Cost • Battery degradation Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Degradation Resulting from Realistic Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid Utilization," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2385–2392.

  10. Potential Problems: Cost • Battery degradation cost • Dependent on replacement cost

  11. Energy Arbitrage • Possible, but unlikely PJM Profitable days in year Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2377–2384

  12. Potential Problems: Loss of Warranty • Why would auto manufacturers risk V2G? • If they act as arbitrage agent and skim profits then it is possible, but is that what we want? • An analogue to a mileage warranty for a battery should be based on Wh processed or a similar metric (magnuson-moss warranty act)

  13. Low hanging fruit • If excess wind is being spilt it is possible that PHEVs could help avoid this (as long as congestion is not cause) • Charging intelligently, if the battery is charged only then there is not a degradation cost being borne, nor warranty implications. V2G may not work now, but G2V will.

  14. What needs to happen • Communication • possibility is built into J1772 • Future standards will expand on this • Consumer acceptance • start with smarter charging • expand to other areas (backup power) • Warranty issues most likely need policy changes

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