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Chapter 5: Understanding Children Birth -Age 2

Chapter 5: Understanding Children Birth -Age 2. LEQ. What is the physical development of children in the first 2 years after birth ? How do children develop cognitively in the first 2 years after birth ?

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Chapter 5: Understanding Children Birth -Age 2

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  1. Chapter 5: UnderstandingChildrenBirth-Age 2

  2. LEQ • Whatis the physicaldevelopment of children in the first 2 yearsafterbirth? • How do childrendevelopcognitively in the first 2 yearsafterbirth? • How do children in the first 2 yearsafterbirthdevelopsocially and emotionally?

  3. PhysicalDevelopment: Size & Shape • Average infant weightatbirthis 7 ½ pounds • 5 monthslater, the infant will have doubledhisweight. • By 1 year the typicalchildweighs 22 lbs • The infant’slengthalso changes rapidly. The averagenewbornmeasures 20 inches. At 1 year, the infant usuallyis 30-42 inches. • There are weight and heightdifferencesbetween boys & girls. Most boys reach a bout half of theiradultheight by 2. Girls will have passedtheirhalfway mark by 2.

  4. SIDS • Childcare providers who serve infants must beknowledgeable about SIDS. Keeping up to date with state guidelines and recommendationsisessentail. • Whencaring for infants, always • Place infants on theirbacks to sleep. • Provide a firmbribcovered by a sheet • Keep soft materialssuch as comforters, pillows, and stuffedtoys out of the crib • Make sure the sleeping area is a comfortabletemperature to keep infants frombecomingoverheated.

  5. Discuss: • What changes canbeexpected in an infant’ssleep habits during the first year? What changes in dietcanbeexpected?

  6. PhysicalDevelopment: Size & Shape • Average infant weightatbirthis 7 ½ pounds • 5 monthslater, the infant will have doubledhisweight. • By 1 year the typicalchildweighs 22 lbs • The infant’slengthalso changes rapidly. The averagenewbornmeasures 20 inches. At 1 year, the infant usuallyis 30-42 inches. • There are weight and heightdifferencesbetween boys & girls. Most boys reach a bout half of theiradultheight by 2. Girls will have passedtheirhalfway mark by 2.

  7. PhysicalDevelopment: Size & Shape • Average infant weightatbirthis 7 ½ pounds • 5 monthslater, the infant will have doubledhisweight. • By 1 year the typicalchildweighs 22 lbs • The infant’slengthalso changes rapidly. The averagenewbornmeasures 20 inches. At 1 year, the infant usuallyis 30-42 inches. • There are weight and heightdifferencesbetween boys & girls. Most boys reach a bout half of theiradultheight by 2. Girls will have passedtheirhalfway mark by 2.

  8. Reflexes • Sucking reflex-helps infant obtainfood for survival. • Rooting reflex-causes infants to turntheirheadstoardanythingthatbrushestheir face. This helpsthemfind a food source such as a nipple. • Moro reflex-AKA the startle reflex. The infant willflingarms and legs outward, thenquicklydrawarmstogether and cry. Usuallydisappears by 6 months. • Palmargrasp reflex-grasp reflex whenyoutouchinfant’spalms. • Babinski reflex-presentatbirth to babies born full term. Stroke the sole of the foot on the outsidefrom the heel to the toe. The toeswill fan out and curl and the foot twists in. Lasts for the first year. • Stepping or walking reflex-when an infant isheldso the feet are flat on a surface, the infant will life one foot afteranother in a stepping motion. This reflex usuallydisappears 2-3 monthsafterbirth. Infants learn to voluntarilysteplater in the first year.

  9. Infant Reflexes video clip • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjnQhno3LA4 • Discuss: Whatis the differencebetweensurvival and primitive reflexes? Which reflexes disappearwithage? Whyisitso important for doctors to test infants for the reflexes?

  10. Worksheet: Reflexes

  11. MotorSequence • The order in which an infant/toddleris able to performmovements. • In the first months, head and trunk control develops. Infant can lift hishead up and canwatch a movingobjectfromside to side. • By 4-5 months an infant can roll over usuallyfrom front to back first. • 4-6 situpright. The infant needs to strengthen neck and back muscles to do this.

  12. MotorSequencecont. • Gradually infants cansit up. Afterthiscrawlingis the nextskill. • Crawling vs. creeping. Creepingiswhatwecommonly k now as crawling. Crawlingoccurswhen the infant’s abdomen is on the floor. • Hitchinghappensnext • Creeping • walking

  13. Worksheet: Motor Sequences

  14. Hand movements • At first hand movements are reflexive. 3-4 months infants swipeatobjects. Theycannotgraspobjectsbecausethey close their hands tooearly or toolate. • By 9 months hand-eye coordination improves and infants canpick up objects. • 16 months-scribbling simple figures and lines • 2 years-shows preference for hand

  15. Activity • In pairs of 2, survey toy catalogs, educational equipment catalogs and parenting magazines to locate appropriate toys to aid in an infant’s motor development. What materials are recommended for gross motor skills? What are the recommendations for developing fine motor skills. • The pairs will share with the large group.

  16. Cognitive Development in the first 2 years • Atbirthmostmovementis reflexes. As theygrow, theybegin to makethingshappen for themselves. • 2 main forces influence a child’s cognitive development: heredity and environment. Hereditydetermineswhen a child’sbrain and senseswillbe mature enough to learn certain skills. Environment affects itbecausechildrenneedopportunities to use theirsenses and try new things. As caregivers, youneed to provide the environmentthatallowschildren to developintotheir full potentialintellectually. • Discuss: Give an example of a positive environmentaleffect on a child’s cognitive development. Give an example of hereditythatmaynegatively impact a child’s cognitive development.

  17. Birth-3 months • Newborn’s vision isblurryatbirth. Infants appear to focus on objects in the center of their vision field. • Near vision isbetterdevelopedthan far sight. • Studies show infants will gaze longer atpatternedobjectssuch as checks and stripes. Theyseem to prefer bold colors to pastels. Theypay more attention to faces thanobjects.

  18. Birth-3 monthscont. • Infants tend to shift their attention to the face as theygetolder. • Hearingalsodevelopsearly. Frombirth, infants willturntheirheadstoward a source of sound. They are startled by loud noises. • Infants do not distinguishbetweenthemselves and the objectsaroundthem. • Theyexperimentwith reflex actions.

  19. 3-6 months • Infants start to focus on theirsurroundings. • By 6 months, infants candistinguishbetweenfamiliar and unfamiliar faces. • Theyalsostart to learnthattheycantouch, shake and hit objectstheysee. And thattheymaymakesounds • Memory, foresight and self awareness are all developing.

  20. 3-6 monthscont. • 3-6 montholdsstart to show judgment. • Infants respond to noise and will look around to explore sources of noise. • Vocalizationincreasesatthisage. • Infants respond to new ways to touch. • Thinkwiththeirsenses and movements. • Body awarenessbegins to developbetween 5-6 months.

  21. 6-9 months

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