History Recap

1. History Recap Scott Matthews 12-712/ 19-622 Lecture 2

2. Administrative Issues • How are we doing on seats? Recheck list. • Please sign paper going around and circle or add your name

3. TAs: Shaz Attari, Mike Blackhurst • Contact info coming on syllabus / web page • When should office hours be? • HWs generally due on Wednesdays

4. Definitions • Sustainability • Sustainable “X” • Green / Green “X” • Green Engineering • Sustainable Engineering • ...

5. Sustainable Engineeringfrom CSE website • Engineering for human development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs • Using methods that minimize environmental damage to provide sufficient food, water, shelter, and mobility for a growing world population • Designing products and processes so that wastes from one are used as inputs to another • Incorporating environmental and social constraints as well as economic considerations into engineering decisions

6. Green Engineering • Anastas: “Achieving sustainability through science and technology”. • “The 12 Principles of Green Engineering provide a framework for scientists and engineers to engage in when designing new materials, products, processes, and systems that are benign to human health and the environment. A design based on these moves beyond baseline engineering quality and safety specifications to consider environmental, economic, and social factors.

7. Resources • Water • Air • Energy • Materials • Natural regeneration (ultimate sink?)

8. Pareto Efficiency • Cliff’s reading discussed need to satiate the rich without compromising the poor/etc • Opportunity Cost

9. Lessons over time • We have been living and dealing with issues relevant to sustainability (and interfering with natural systems intentionally and accidentally) for 5000 years but have not necessarily LEARNED from our experience • Crop mutations by accident/ignorance

10. Interaction of Human and Natural Systems • Progress was seen as triumph over nature • We knew how to smelt metals but did not necessarily have sufficient local resources (eg fuelwood) to do it. • Led to deforestation • Tragedy of the Commons • We were unable as society to cope with drought/flood variations

11. Mesopotamia • Due to various factors, availability of food collapsed, as did population • Over time, we just engineered other systems as backups (they too can fail) • Our continued push was to (re)engineer a solution to every problem • Now we look to understand (all) potential problems and engineer a better

12. Thoughts • Think about the plan/design needed for the pyramids. How would the “plan to build the pyramids” be perceived today? • What was their purpose? • What was the inevitable functional lifetime? • Resources needed (and from where) • Alternatives? • Any recent examples? Same scale?

13. Needs for local / imported resources • Virtual water papers? • Stone age didn’t end because we ran out of stone • Iron age didn’t end because we ran out of iron

14. Our first mega cities • Greek city-states of 100,000+ • Now (only 4 in US): • 1. Tokyo, Japan - 34,100,000 (1 in 2000!)
2. Mexico City, Mexico - 22,650,000
3. Seoul, South Korea - 22,250,000
4. New York, United States - 21,850,000
5. Sao Paulo, Brazil - 20,200,000
6. Mumbai, India - 19,700,000
7. Dehli, India - 19,500,000
8. Los Angeles, United States - 17,950,000
9. Shanghai, China - 17,900,000
10. Jakarta, Indonesia - 17,150,000

15. Effects of big cities • Waste management a bigger problem

16. Aristotle • Natural economy • Un-natural economy (retail, wealth by exchange) • Partly natural (resource extraction)