Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

1. Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Chapter 28

2. Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval

3. Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas Popular Sovereignty & Individual Freedom Global Influence of Enlightenment Values Political and Legal Equality • Many enlightened philosophes • Called for equality • Recommend society where • All individuals are equal before • The law • Rousseau: members of a • Society are sovereign, in an • Ideal society indiv. Would • Participate in the creation of laws • Philosophes began to • Question notions of • Sovereignty • Locke: indiv. Voluntarily • Formed society & est. gov’t • Rulers derive authority from • Consent of governed • Voltaire: called for religious • Toleration and freedom to • Express their views openly • Enlightenment challenged • Long established ideas • Revolutionary leaders • Were influenced by • Enlightenment ideas • Enlightenment ideas • Influenced the organization • Of states and societies • Throughout the world.

4. The American Revolution (1775-1781) Declaration of Independence & Divided Loyalties Tightened British Control Over Colonies Building an Independent State • July 4, 1776 D.o.I. drafted • Inspired by enlightenment • Thought to justify quest for • Independence • Echoed Locke’s idea • Difficult to put independence • Into action • Brits had many advantages • Americans had much foreign • Support (France, Spain, Netherlands • And German principalities • N. American colonists • Became disenchanted with • British imperial rule • Reasons for • Disenchantment: • Geographic distance, • Inefficient gov’t , taxation • w/o representation • Constitution emphasized • The rights of individuals • Gov’t based on popular • sovereignty

5. The French Revolution (1789-1799) The National Assembly Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity The Estates General • France faced fiscal • Problems (war debts) • 1st estate: Roman • Catholic Clergy • 2nd estate: nobles • 3rd estate: serf, free • Peasants, urban residents • All estates have same # • Of votes even though 3rd • Estate has more people • Called Estates General • Into session to authorize taxes • 3rd Estate demanded • reform • 3rd estates secede from the • Estates General claim • Themselves as National Assembly • Parisian crowds storm the • Bastille • Military Garrison protecting the • Bastille surrenders • Promulagated Declaration of the • Rights of Man and the Citizen • Guided by American revolution • Principles calling for equality for all, • Popular sovereignty, & individual rights • Abolish old social order • Got rid of fees of peasants • Abolish 1st estate • Clergy seen as citizens of • The state • King is still executive but • No legislative authority • France for a time became • A constitutional monarchy

6. The French Revolution The Convention The Directory • Revolution becomes more radical • French nobility attempts to get • Foreign help • Forces the Nat’l Assembly to declare • War on Prussia, Spain, Britain & Netherlands • Counterrevolutionaries start the assembly • Known as the Convention • Abolished the monarchy • Used the guillotine • Maximillien Robespierre (Jacobin Party) • Leads the Convention for a time • Committee of Public Safety- campaign of • Terror, promoted “cult of reason” • Instability of Convention led to people • Undermining the regime • The Convention arrests Robespierre • New group of conservative men take • Over the Convention and start the • Directory • The Directory was unable to solve social • And economic problems • Enter in Napoleon Bonaparte with a • Coup d’ etat

7. The Reign of Napoleon Napoleonic France Napoleon’s Empire The Fall of Napoleon • Napoleon brought political • Stability to France • Made an agreement with • The Roman Catholic Church • Known as the CONCORDAT (pay • Clerics salaries, prefer Roman • Catholic Church, retained lands • Seized) • This won support • Promulagated the Civil Code • That stabilized society • Merit based society • Let opponents return to France • Limited free speech, secret • Police, use of propaganda • Wanted to extend authority • Throughout Europe • Iberian and Italian peninsulas, • Netherlands, Austria, Prussia • Attempted to attack Russia • Went to Capital everyone • Was gone and burned down • Napoleon did not have • Adequate supplies and housing • Opponents of Napoleon • Take advantage and • Force him to abdicate his • Throne • Send him to island of Elba • Attempt to regain power • For 100 days • British army defeats him in • Battle of Waterloo • Once again and finally sent • To island of St. Helena

8. The Influence of Revolution

9. The Haitian Revolution Slave Revolt and Toussaint Louverture Republic of Haiti Saint-Domingue Society • 3 major groups: • Whites: European born • Colonial administrators, • Plantation owners, minor • Aristocrats • Gens de colour: People of • Color, mulattoes & black • Slaves • Planters did not take care • Of slaves leading to high • Mortality rate • Violent conflicts between • White owners and slaves • Gen de colour coming from • American Revo. Wanted the • Same change in Saint Domingue • 1791 civil war Gen de Colour • And white settlers • Boukman, voodoo priest • Organizes slave revolt • Battle between white, • Gen de colour, & slaves • French attempt to restore • Order • British & Spanish interfere • Louverture aided the revolution • Put Spanish, Brits, and French • Against each other • Promulagated a constitution that • Gave equality and citizenship to all • residents • Napoleon sent troops to • Restore order but yellow • Fever caught them • 1803 declared independence • 1804 establishment of • Haiti

10. Wars of Independence in Latin America Latin American Society Mexican Independence Simon Bolivar • Napoleon’s invasion of • Spain & Portugal weakens • Colonies • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla • , parish priest, creates • Peasant rebellion • Mestizos against colonial • Rule • Social & economic warfare • Against elites • Colonial rule came to an end • In 1821 • Augustin de Ituribe deposed • Mexico becomes a republic • Central American Federation: • Guatemala, El Salvado, Honduras, • Nicaragua, Costa r Rica till 1838 • Led movements of • Independence in S. America • Took up arms against • Spanish rule and deposed • Most throughout S. America • Gran Colombia: • Venezuela, Colombia, • Ecuador ended in 1830 • Revolutionary ideals • Traveled to Spanish & • Portuguese colonies • Creoles: Euro-American • Other groups include: Black • Slaves, mixed ancestry (mestizos • & mulattoes) • Creoles benefited in • Plantations, ranches and trade • w/Spain & Portugual • Sought to displace • Peninsulares but retain privilege • Position • Political independence model • of the U.S.

11. Wars of Independence in Latin America Brazilian Independence Creole Dominance • When Napoleon invaded Portugal • Royal court goes to Rio de Janeiro • King returns in 1821 leaves, son, • Pedro, behind • Creoles call for independence in • The following year. Pedro agrees. • Becomes emperor Pedro • Creoles dominate former colonies • Latin American society remained rigidly • Stratified • Caudillos: military authorities • Continuation of slavery • Confirmed authority of Roman Catholic • Church

12. The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism & Liberalism Voting Rights and Restrictions Conservatism Liberalism • Change normal, sign of • Progress • Viewed conservatism as • Maintaining status quo and • Not wanting to address • Inequalities • Championed enligthenment • Values of freedom & equality • Liberalism of Atlantic revolutions • more concerned about civil rights • At the end of 19th c. liberals began • To look to the gov’t to correct • Problems • John Stuart Mill argued for indivi • Dual freedom • Viewed society as an • Organism that changed slowly • Edmund Burke: condemned • Radical or revolutionary change • Approved American Revo as • Natural changing w/historical • Development • Disapproved of French • Revolution chaotic and irrespon- • Sible to society • The idea that in order to • Establish democratic • Legitimacy and popular • Sovereignty universal suffrage • Is needed. • Suffrage derived legitimacy • From the Enlightenment • About self government and • Consent of the governed.

13. Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery Movements to end the Slave Trade Movements to Abolish Slavery Freedom w/o Equality • Idea to end slave trade • Started in the 18th c. • William Wilberforce: • Leading proponent to end • The slave trade. • Philanthropist. Member of • Parliament • 1807 Wilberforce’s bill • Passes to end the slave • Trade • Other countries followed • Some illegal trade still occurred • Bigger challenge • Inexpensive labor • Ending slave trade • Would ultimately end • Slavery • Abolition brought legal • Freedom, not political • Equality • Property requirements, • Literacy rates, poll taxes, • Intimidation • White creoles over black • creoles

14. Testing the Limits of the Revolutionary Ideals: Women’s Rights Enlightenment Ideals And Women Women and Revolution Women’s Rights Movement • Most enlightenment • Philosophers did not believe • In women’s rights • Reformers used it to their • Advantage • Mary Wollstonecraft: “A • Vindication for the Rights of • Women” stated women • Possessed all the rights of men • (education, contribute to society) • Women participated in the • Revolutions in various ways • Preparing uniforms, • Bandages, managing farms, • Shops & businesses • They found little political • Freedom and equality • 19th c. women pressed • For their rights and abolition • Of slavery • Elizabeth Cady Stanton: • Called for women’s rights, • Movement gained limited • Success in the 19th century • But gained momentum in • The 20th c.

15. The Consolidation of National States in Europe

16. Nations and Nationalism Cultural Nationalism Political Nationalism • Refers to the type of community • That became prominent in 19th c. • Distinctive people born into a • Unique community w/common • Language, customs, culture, values, • And historical experiences • Nation must be focus of political • Loyalty • Sought to deepen appreciation for • Historical experiences of the nation • Germany held great political nationalism • Advocates of nationalism demanded • Loyalty and solidarity from members • People that lived in lands of foreign • Rule or who were the minorities often • Sought their own independence • This could often led to conflict between • The ruled and rulers

17. Nations and Nationalism Nationalism and Anti-Semitism Zionism • Theodor Herzl, Journalist, realized anti- • Semitism was a persistent feature of • Human society and assimilation could • Not be solved • Founded the World Zionist Organization • Which sought to find a home for the • Jewish community • Location “ancient kingdom of Israel” • Today known as Palestine • Provoked resentful nationalism from • Displaced Arabs • Zionism: the idea that the Jewish • People have their right to their own • National homeland • Jews were throughout Europe and often • The minorities • Many nationalist distrusted Jews and • Brought Anti-Semitism • Especially visible in Eastern Europe • (Austria-Hungary & Germany)

18. The Emergence of National Communities Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Nationalist Rebellions • After the Great Powers (Britain, Austria, • Prussia and Russia) deposed Napoleon a • Meeting was held to return power back • Into the hands of the old prerevolutionary • Order. • Countries did not want one to dominate • The other • This meeting, and return to old way, • Proved futile and did not last long (100 years), • The idea of Popular sovereignty had been • Embedded into the citizens of nations • 1820s-1840s a wave of national rebellion • Occurred throughout Europe. • Greeks sought and gained independence • From Ottoman Turks • Rebellions in France, Spain, and Portugal • Called for constitutional gov’t based on • Popular sovereignty • Belgium, Italy and Poland called for the • Formation of national states

19. The Unification of Italy and Germany Cavour and Garibaldi Otto von Bismark • Prime Minister • Drew German sentiment against • Denmark, Austria and France in 3 • Victorious war.s • Drew up German pride. • Prussian King Wilhem I announce • The establishment of the Second Reich- • Second German empire-following the • Holy Roman Empire • Unifications and nationalism had • Enormous potential • National states created flags, anthems, • Holidays, created schools, nat’l populations, • Recruitments to foster patriotism and • Patriotic values • Prime minister of King Vittore • Emmanuele II of Peidemont • and Sardinia united with national • Advocates of independence • Cavour expelled Austrian authorities • From N. Italy • Soldier Garibaldi dealt with forces • In Southern Italy • Eventually unifying all of Italy into one • state