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POST CONFLICT SUCCESS IN AFRICA - COMPARISON TO SRI LANKA

POST CONFLICT SUCCESS IN AFRICA - COMPARISON TO SRI LANKA. Clive Jachnik. Introduction. Some Teachings Democratic Republic Of Congo Liberia Indonesia Sri Lanka Potential Lessons Two Prayers And A Wish.

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POST CONFLICT SUCCESS IN AFRICA - COMPARISON TO SRI LANKA

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  1. POST CONFLICT SUCCESS IN AFRICA - COMPARISON TO SRI LANKA Clive Jachnik

  2. Introduction • Some Teachings • Democratic Republic Of Congo • Liberia • Indonesia • Sri Lanka • Potential Lessons • Two Prayers And A Wish

  3. “We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, we make the world.” Gautama Buddha

  4. “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.” UNESCO Preamble

  5. "One should never harm the wicked or the good....A noble soul will exercise compassion even towards those who injure others" Ramayana of Valmiki

  6. "the wisdom that comes from heaven is...peace- loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy impartial and sincere." James 3: 17-18

  7. “My Lord, who is the greatest of Thy servants in Thy estimation?” “The one who forgives when he is in a position of power.” Hadith of Baihaqi

  8. Hatred does not cease by hatred, but only by love. This is the eternal rule. Gautama Buddha

  9. “When I despair, I remember that all through history • the ways of truth and love have always won.” • Mahatma Gandhi

  10. “Any life that is lost in war is a human life, be it that of an Arab or Israeli……They are ours, be they living on Arab or Israeli land.” Anwar Sadat - Speech to the Israeli Knesset

  11. “We never get rid of an enemy by meeting hate with hate; we get rid of an enemy by getting rid of enmity.” Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

  12. “The first thing is to be honest with yourself. You can never have an impact on society if you have not changed yourself.” Nelson Mandela

  13. Democratic Republic of Congo • Royal Navy Commander 1999-2000 • Political Affairs Officer 2002 • MONUC DDR Team Leader North Kivu/Ituri 2002-2004 • Head of the Rapid Response Mechanism 2006-2007 • Novel grass-roots DDR methodology • 4,500 People Repatriated to Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi • Absorption of Mai-Mai leaders into national army • National SSR and police capacity building

  14. Democratic Republic of Congo • 1960: Independence for Africa's third largest country • 1965 – 1996: President Mobuto SeseSeko • 1996: Rwandan troops and Laurent Kabila enter DRC • Mobuto flees. Kabila is declared President • 1998: Kabila orders foreign troops out. Most refuse • Rwanda-allies RCD attack GoDRC army to oust Kabila • Angola, Zimbabwe , Namibia support Kabila • 1999: RCD withdraw to hold the east part of DRC • 1999: Uganda-backed MLC take control in north DRC

  15. Democratic Republic of Congo • June 1999: Stalemate with DRC divided into three • Aug 1999: Lusaka Accord. Inter-Congolese Dialogue • ICD includes government, armed opposition, political opposition and civil society • Violence across DRC continues • Failure to implement Lusaka Accord and ICD • 2001: Kabila assassinated. Replaced by son Joseph • October 2001: ICD commences in Addis Ababa • February 2002: Addis ICD fails. Moves to Sun City

  16. Democratic Republic of Congo • April 2002: ICD signs 34 governance resolutions • 2002: Peace Accords signed by DRC, Rwanda, Uganda • April 2003: ICD approves ‘Final Act’ agreement • Two-year transitional government, headed by Joseph Kabila with four Vice-Presidents • July 2006: First multi-party elections. Kinshasa war. • MONUC takes control of capital • October 2006: New election. Kabila wins 70% of vote • December 2006: President Joseph Kabila sworn in

  17. Democratic Republic of Congo • 2006: Kivus and Ituri fighting continues in East • 2006: Nkunda forms CNDP and allies to FDLR • March 2009: Nkunda arrested and CNDP sign peace treaty • 2012: CNDPs BoscoNtaganda mutinies to form M23 • November 2012: M23 captures Goma but withdraws • February 2013: UN Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the DRC signed by 11 African nations • August 2013: Goma shelled by M23 and Rwanda* • Present: Continued fighting in Eastern DRC

  18. Potential Lessons • Of 362 ICD delegates, 66 represent DRC civil society • ICD formed 5 Commissions to map governance • Political and Judicial (16), Economic and Finance (5), Humanitarian/Cultural (16), Defence and Security (10) and Peace and National Reconciliation (19) • Rural DRC polled on civil society role in ICD • Civil society viewed as impartial in DRC • Civil society mobilize opinions/harmonize agendas • Culminates in 4-day National Civil Society Dialogue • Defines civil society goals for west and east DRC

  19. Notable Points • DRC civil society took a proactive key role in ICD • Direct involvement in a top level political process • ‘Ambassadors for Peace’ mediated local meetings • MONUC established ‘A Committee of Wise Elders’ • ‘One UN Approach’ to DRC recovery • Holistic regional initiative adopted by 11 nations • UN regional approach to peacebuilding

  20. Liberia • Head of UNMIL DDR 2005-2007 • 105,000 People Disarmed and Dembolised • 400 People Repatriated to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ivoire and other African countries • Included unarmed women and children in DDR • Community arms’ mop-up scheme • Transitional justice for weapon ownership • Established best-practice for UN DDR operations • Began SSR and capacity building processes

  21. Liberia • 1847: Liberia declares independence • 1989: Charles Taylor ‘s NPFL invade, ousting dictator Doe • NPFL assassinates Doe and takes 90 percent of the country • 1991: NPFL splits whilst ULIMO and RUF join combat • 1996: Abuja Accord signed and Taylor elected • 1997-2000: Fragile peace. RUF plunges Sierra Leone into war • 2003: LURD and MODEL reduce Taylor's control to a third • June 2003: CPA signed in Accra and Taylor resigns • August 2003: National Transitional Government runs Liberia • 2006: President Johnson-Sirleaf democratically elected • Present: A fragile state enjoying relative peace

  22. Potential Lessons • Civil society helped shape the peace agreement • Ensured democratic decision-making in negotiations • Ensured acceptance of CPA by the Liberian people • Effective use of public information • Engagement of CBOs, NGOs and women activists • Leadership training of middle ranking police officers • Effective ‘One UN Approach’ to recovery • Needs national legal reform and plan for ROL sector • Needs an overarching plan for national SSR

  23. Notable Points • CPA signed by GoL, LURD, MODEL, 18 pol. parties • Ministries and public-agencies divided 4 ways between GoL, LURD, MODEL, and representatives of civil society who assumed political roles • Other NGOs who signed and witnessed the CPA were: • Association of Liberian Professional Organizations • Mano River Women's Peace Network (MARWOPNET) • Liberian Women's Initiative, Interfaith Mediation Ctte • Inter-Religious Council for Liberia, Liberian Bar Assoc • Rare example of NGO participation in peace process

  24. Indonesia • ADB Consultant 1995-1996 • Head of Strategic Planning and Monitoring 2007-2009 • DDR for 3,000 GAM ex-combatants and 2,035 amnestied prisoners • DDR for 3,204 GAM activists surrendering before MoU • DDR for 6,500 members of pro-government militias • 32,000 Indonesian security forces redeployed from Aceh • Community peacebuilding projects in Aceh, Sulawesi, Maluku and West Timor • Draft DRR and SSR legislation

  25. Indonesia • 1602: Dutch East India Company established • 1800: Netherlands nationalises East Indies Colony • 1900s: Dutch rule extends to Indonesia's current area • 1908: Start of Indonesian independence movement • 1942-1945: Japanese military occupation • 1945: Indonesia's declaration of independence • 1945-1949: War of Independence with Netherlands • 1949: Netherlands' recognises independence • 1962: Dutch West New Guinea (Papua) incorporated

  26. Indonesia • 1965: Attempted coup and anti-communist purge • March 1968: General Suharto replaces Sukarno • 1996-1998: Political protest and ethnic riots • May 1998: President Suharto resigns • 1999: East Timor votes to secede after 25 year occupation • 2004: First ever direct presidential election • December 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake/Tsunami • 2005: Political settlement of Aceh separatist conflict • Present: Occasional secessionist/terrorist violence

  27. Potential Lessons • Regional autonomy programme since 2004 • Strengthening of democratic processes since 2004 • Effective use of civil society, CBOs, NGOs and women • Successful ‘One UN Approach’ to recovery • Consultative grass-roots ‘bottom-up’ planning processes eg: ‘Musrenbang’ • DDR for GAM plus pro-government Aceh militias • Ex GAM report at police stations in DDR • Separate Aceh police desks for women • Tailored Aceh police capacity building

  28. Notable Points • One year amnesty declared for the surrender of arms held by civilians until 31 December 2005 in CPA • GoIagree to ratify the UN Covenants on Civil and Political plus Economic, Social and Cultural Rights • Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Court of Human Rights remain controversial • GoI has said its intension is for courts only to judge matters subsequent to the date of CPA signing

  29. ‘There is a need to improve public services in all regions through more democratic, accountable, professional, responsive and decentralized governance. Basically, decentralization and autonomy is aimed at establishing a closer relationship between government and the people.’ President SusiloBambangYudhoyono (August 23, 2005)

  30. Indonesia - Musrenbang • Means: “community discussion + development plan” • A participatory budgeting process where residents discuss short-term issues facing their communities • Prioritise needs and informs local government • Support assigned to most needy neighbourhoods • Musrenbang is a ‘bottom-up’ process introduced to replace GoI centralized ‘top-down’ planning • Musrenbang process also exists at district, city and provincial levels • Consultative and inclusive development

  31. Indonesia - Musrenbang • Musrenbangenshrined in local legislation • GoI central budget implementsMusrenbang • Media sensitizes for maximum participation • Calendar and Flow Chart of the planning and budgeting processes published • All stakeholders and their roles published • Gender and minority participation mainstreamed • Proactive advice offered by local government • Media publication of minutes and findings

  32. Sri Lanka • Programme Manager – Reintegration and Reconciliation 2010-2013 • Reintegration support for 8,500 Ex-LTTE clients • Community peacebuilding projects supported • Initial SSR projects designed and drafted • Seconded to advise Somali and Kenyan governments on Al-Shabaab

  33. Sri Lanka • Geneva, Funds and Access to PARCs • A unique welcome • Military victory and long-term peace • ICRS sensitization • Engaging the caseload • Missing public awareness and reinsertion • ICRS re-design with counselling, • Fading support and incomplete ICRS • A missed opportunity

  34. Potential Lessons - General • Use of UN Peacebuilding Commission • National coordination of peacebuilding activities • Decentralization of the peace debate • Establishing impartial ‘Peace Ambassadors’ • Form ‘Community of Practice’ for peace activists • Encouraging ‘Community Peace Committees’ • Empower traditional ‘Committees of the Wise’ • Transfer local/regional reconciliation methods

  35. Potential Lessons - General • DDR is nationally-owned and people-centred • DDR should be transparent and accountable • Any DDR process should be completed • Reintegration is social, economic and political • DDR forms part of long-term SSR plans • DDR is not sustainable without reconciliation • Reconciliation needs sustainable peacebuilding • Peacebuilding is an ongoing and ‘whole-nation’ process that requires full commitment

  36. Potential Lessons - ROL • Legally-sworn translators at police stations • Language training at National Police Academy • Fast track promotion for bilingual police officers • Separated gender-appropriate police ‘desks’ • Pilot projects for community policing principles • Community policing committees • Military and Police information ‘hotlines’ • Surveys for future SSR at the right time

  37. Potential Lessons - Youth • Peace Studies in National Schools’ Curriculum • Schools’ twining programmes. Activities for unification • Ethnically-mixed sports’ galas, drama, choir, poetry and literature events • National Peace Songs, Poetry, Poster and Badge Awards • Joint Summer Peace, Sports and Language Camps • National awards for best bilingual exam results • Local multi-ethnic ‘Youth Parliaments’ • Training to deliver reconciliation projects • ‘Conflict Resolution Day’(3rd Thursday in October)

  38. Potential Lessons - Media • Radio Okapi (DRC) and Radio UNMIL (Liberia) • Talking Drum, Ijambo, Radio Peacebuilding Africa • Ethnically-diverse staff present a united front • One TV documentary analysed 16 African conflicts • Broadcast in 22 African countries in 40 local dialects • Mobile cinema projects in African rural villages • Workshops empowering bloggers in Arabia • Reconciliation soap operas/TV ‘peace debates’ • Media support can yield responsible reporting

  39. Potential Lessons - Private Sector • Lobby for development investment in N and E • Vocational and business mentoring programmes • Scholarships to fast-track minority managers • Highlight equal opportunity in the workplace • Allow time for workers’ peace committees • Sponsorship of bilingual kindergartens • Broadcast peace radio during workers’ shifts • Display reconciliation material in the workplace

  40. Peacebuilding • Local ownership is essential for lasting peace • Inclusiveness develops constructive relationships between all stakeholders • The heart of the challenge is building trust so that society remains engaged in building lasting peace • Only long-term commitments address the root causes of conflict and ensure sustainability • Appropriate processes ensure legitimacy and holistic solutions to complex problems

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