Chapter 16

1. Chapter 16 World War Two Begins

2. Dictators Threaten World Peace Chapter 16, Section 1

3. Communist Government Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin, 1917-1924 Soviet Union Joseph Stalin, 1924-1952

4. Fascist Governments Italy Benito Mussolini, 1922-1943 Germany Adolf Hitler, 1934-1945

5. Spain Francisco Franco, 1939-1975 • Francisco Franco created a Fascist government in Spain, after the Spanish Civil War • Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco win the war

6. Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin After Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin gained power. Possibly the cruelest dictator ever Stalin murdered thousands of political, military and church leaders during the Great Purge • Vladimir Lenin gained power in the Russia after the Russian Civil War • Lenin set up a Communist government • Dictator • Government ownership, no private ownership • Russiawas renamed the Soviet Union

7. Kulaks Five Years Plans Joseph Stalin set targets for industrial growth called the Five Years Plans If workers did not reach targets, they were severely punished Under the Five Years Plans, the Soviet Union became the second most industrialized country in the world, behind the U.S. • Another enemy of Stalin was the Kulaks • Kulaks made money during the reign of Lenin by selling surplus crops • Stalin outlawed kulaks from selling surplus crops • One thing led to another, millions of people starved to death or were murdered

8. Benito Mussolini Propaganda Blackshirts “Battles” In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia. The League of Nations response was weak • Mussolini created the fascist party in Italy • Features of Fascism • Strong leader • Glorified the military and foreign expansion • Extreme nationalism • Individual is not important • Propaganda • Anti Democracy, Anti Communism

9. Adolf Hitler Features of Nazism Fascist government Racial purification Aryans Inferior races Jews Slavs Nonwhites • Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party • After nearly fading into obscurity, the Nazi Party was revived due to the Great Depression • Hitler gained complete control of the German government by 1933

10. Japan In 1931, Japan took control of Manchuria After the League of Nations condemned Japan, Japan left the League of Nations and overran the rest of Manchuria • The military gains control of the Japanese government in the late 1920s, due to Japan’s economic problems • The military promised to end the economic problems by expanding throughout Asia

11. Neutrality Isolationism Neutrality Acts • Kellogg-Briand Treaty stated the United States would not declare war “as an instrument of national policy” • Americans became scared of becoming involved in another war after Gerald Nye showed that banks and manufacturers made profits from the war

12. War in Europe Chapter 16, Section 2

13. Failures of the League of Nations By November 1937, Hitler had already made plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia • After the League of Nations failed to take action against Italy and Japan, Adolf Hitler decided it was time for Germany to expand

14. Union with Austria • Austria was Hitler’s first target of expansion • Anschluss – union of Austria and Germany • According to Hitler, most Austrian people were Germans who favored unification • Germany troops marched unopposed into Austria and gained control • The League of Nations did nothing and the U.S. remained isolated

15. Sudetenland First Hitler used propaganda against Czechoslovakia “Women and Children Mowed Down by Czech Armored Cars” “Blood Regime-New Czech Murders of Germans” Britain and France promised to protect Czechoslovakia, but choose appeasement instead • Hitler wanted to take over the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia. • The Sudetenland included about 3 million German speaking people.

16. Munich Conference Hitler said that if he was given the Sudetenland, it would be his “last territorial demand” France and Britain voluntarily gave the Sudetenland to Germany • Hitler invited the French premier and British Prime minister Neville Chamberlain to meet with him at Munich

17. “Neville Chamberlain looked at foreign affairs through the wrong end of a municipal drainpipe” • Chamberlain – “My friends, there has come back from Germany peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time.”

18. Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia Invasion of Poland France and Britain vowed to protect Poland Hitler forms a nonaggression pact with Stalin – Nazi-Soviet Pact Hitler invades Poland from the west. Stalin invades from the east. • Hitler lied and took over most of Czechoslovakia anyway.

19. France and Britain declare war on Germany, but were not prepared for war. • Germany used blitzkrieg tactics against Poland • Lightening warfare – fast tanks and advanced aircrafts • Poland quickly surrendered, before Britain and France could offer support

20. Phony War Battle of France Germany attacks France through Belgium France didn’t think that Germany could pass through the forest Dunkirk – French and British troops were trapped by Germany • Germany and France prepared for war, but basically sat on the front lines • Sitzkrieg

21. Shortly after Dunkirk France surrenders Only Britain remains against Germany • Hitler waits for reinforcements • “Miracle at Dunkirk” – Allied troops escape to Britain on boats

22. Battle of Britain Hitler gets impatience Britain refused to surrender U.S. now has hopes that Britain can win the war Cash and Carry Lend – Lease policy Hitler decides to attack the Soviets instead. • Germany v. Britain • Britain has a strong navy, Hitler decides not invade right away. • Hitler sends planes to attack Britain • Hitler changes to attacking civilians • Radar – Allows Britain to detect Germany planes before the invasion

24. FDR Tripartite Pact Germany, Japan, Italy (Axis Powers) Keep the U.S. out of the war Selective Training and Service Act Peacetime draft in the U.S. • Wants to keep the U.S. out of the war • After the Battle of Britain, the U.S. adopted the Cash and Carry policy • Sell supplies to feuding countries if they pay cash and provide transportation • Lend Lease Policy • Anyone weapons if they will fight Germany • Destroy or return the weapons

25. 1940 Presidential Election Germany U-boats would sink ships Wolfpack – gang of u-boats Convoys “Fire on site” Radar (Sonar) • Democrat FDR vs. Republican Wendall Willkie • Close election, similar views. Main issue was the war. • FDR wins with 55% of the vote • 1st president to be elected to a third term

26. Atlantic Charter Japan U.S. put a trade embargo on Japan Hideki Tojo– leader of the military Hirohito – leader of the people (Emperor) • U.S. and Britain agree to fight for common causes, common policies, cooperate

27. Pearl Harbor Japan surprises U.S. U.S. did not expect an attack at Pearl Harbor 3 carriers at sea – saves U.S. U.S. quickly declares war on Japan • Japan decides to attack first • Main reason low oil due to the embargo